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CH 12 immuno
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What characteristic distinguishes restriction enzymes from one another? a. diverse binding and cutting sites b. ability to quickly digest DNA c. RNA degradation capability d. ability of one enzyme to recognize several different binding sites | diverse binding and cutting sites |
| Which is used in a southern blot procedure a. A ligase joins two adjacent probes b. Radiolabeled nucleotides are used to synthesize DNA c. DNA is cleaved by enzymes & electrophoresed. d. Many probes are placed on a small piece of glass | DNA is cleaved by enzymes and electrophoresed |
| Which best describes the PCR a. 2 probes are joined by a ligating enzyme. b. RNA copies of the original DNA are made. c. Extender probes are used to create a visible product. d. Primers are used to make multiple DNA copies | Primers are used to make multiple DNA copies. |
| What takes place during in situ hybridization a. RNA polymerase copies messenger RNA b. Hybridization takes place in solution. c. Nucleic acid probes react with intact cells in tissues d. Probes are protected from degradation if hybridized | Nucleic acid probes react with intact cells in tissues. |
| What determines the specificity for PCR? a. Nucleotide mix ratios and concentrations b. Mono- and divalent cation conenctrations c. primers and their annealing temperature d. DNA polymerase | Primers and their annealing temperature. |
| At antibody test for HIV within 3 months of exposure is negative. Does this guarantee a negative PCR test? a. Yes, if no antibodies are present, no virus is present b. No, PCR-detectable virus may be present before generation of detectable antibodies. | No, PCR-detectable virus may be present before generation of detectable antibodies. |
| How do PCR and qPCR differ? a. in qPCR, the results can be seen at the end of each cycle b. SYBR Green is only used in PCR c. PCR is an isothermal process and qPCR is not d. Internal amplification controls are not necessary in qPCR | In qPCR< the results can be seen at the end of each cycle. |
| What holds 2 single strands of DNA together in double helix a. 2' carbon of deoxyribose attached to a hydroxyl group b. Hydrogen bonds between A&T/C&G c. Ribose 3' carbon hydroxyl attached to ribose 5' carbon phosphate | Hydrogen bonds between A and T and C and G |
| What is the complement to the following DNA sequence: 5'GATCGATTCG-3' | 3'CTAGCTAAGC-5' |
| How are DNA and RNA different? a. Only RNA contains uracil b. Only DNA contains cytosine c. DNA is usually single stranded. d. DNA is less stable than RNA | Only RNA contains uracil. |
| What is the function of restriction endonucleases? a. they splice short pieces of DNA together b. They cleave DNA at specific sites c. They make RNA copies of DNA d. They make DNA copies from RNA | They cleave DNA at specific sites. |
| What is the purpose of somatic hypermutation in genes that code for antibodies? a. to increase diversity of the immunglobulin repertoire b. to prevent further antibody formation c. to switch antibodies from IgM to IgG | To increase diversity of the immunoglobulin repertoire. |
| Which method is a signal amplification system? a. bDNA b. qPCR c. PCR d. Digital PCR | bDNA |
| Which of the following amplifications is isothermal? a. PCR b. qPCR c. NASBA d. LCR | LCR |
| Which terminates chains when added to a DNA replication reaction? a. dNTPs b. ddNTPs c. Sequencing primer d. DNA polymerase | ddNTPs |
| Which technique involves probe amplification rather than target amplification? a. Southern blot b. PCR c. Transcription-medical amplification d. Ligase chain reaction | Ligase chain reaction |
| How does NGS technology differ from the original sanger chain displacement sequencing? a. NGS can sequence thousands of DNA pieces faster than Sanger b. Sanger involves ligation and NGS does not c. Only sanger has direct clinical applications | NGS can sequence thousands of DNA pieces faster than Sanger sequencing. |
| Which of the following methods best describes a nucleic acid probe? a. attaches to double-stranded DNA b. used in transcription-medical amplification c. used to detect specific single-stranded DNA d. plays key role in DNA chain termination sequencing | It is used in trascription-mediated amplification |
| A hybridization reaction involves which of the following? a. Separating DNA strands by heating b. Binding of two complementary DNA strands c. Increasing the number of DNA copies d. Cleaving DNA into smaller segments | Binding of two complementary DNA strands. |
| What is the difference between a polymorphism and a mutation? a. Mutations only affect A & T bases b. Mutations are more frequently present in a population c. Polymorphisms are more frequently present in poulation d. Polymorphisms are easier to detect | Polymorphisms are more frequently present in a population. |
| What are the two main types of nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotides of DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar with one of the following bases: | adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine |
| _____ is made up of nucleotides containing a ribose sugar bonded to a similar nitrogen base. | RNA |
| ___ is a double stranded and arranged in a double helix | DNA |
| In a DNA molecule, specific base pairing occurs: | adenine -> thymine guanine -> cytosine |
| _____ and _____ are changes in nucleotide sequences that may affect specific protein sequences | Mutations and polymorphisms |
| Restriction fragment length polymorphissm are changes in DNA that result in: | different size pieces when cleaved by restriction enzymes |
| used to gain information to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of disease and treatment decisions | Molecular Diagnostic assays |
| Carries the primary genetic information within chromosomes a. DNA b. RNA | DNA |
| An intermediate nucleic acid structure that helps convert the genetic information into proteins a. DNA b. RNA | RNA |
| What are the two bases of DNA and RNA | adenine and guanine |
| DNA pyrimidine bases: | cytosine and thymine |
| RNA pyrimidine bases: | cytosine and uracil |
| What is the primary sugar in RNA? | ribose |
| What is the sugar in DNA? | Deoxyribose |
| unit composed of a phosphorylated ribose sugar and a nitrogen base | Nucleotide |
| How many chromosomes are there per nucleus? | 46 |
| Are used routinely to direct copying of specific regions of DNA in vitro | primers |
| Catalyzed by RNA polymerase | RNA synthesis |
| A change in the nucleotide sequence is known as: | mutation |
| What is needed for DNA synthesis | DNA polymerase |
| RNA synthesis can do what? | start de novo without a primer |
| The codes for RNA synthesis: | -protein -transer RNA -Ribosomal RNA -long and short noncoding RNA |
| Can cause immunodeficiencies or affect response to therapy | mutations |
| include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) | Polymorphisms |
| Where are polymorphisms found? | all over the genome |
| What are the four methods to nucleic acid analysis? | -strand cleavage -hybridization -sequencing -amplification |
| use restriction endonuclease enzymes to cleave DNA at specific locations | Strand cleavage method |
| Used to investigate small genomes, such as those of microorganisms or paslmids | strand cleavage method |
| used for mutation and polymorphism detection | strand cleavage method |
| Binding of two specific complementary nucleic acid strands together | Hybridization |
| What is the key to the specificity of the southern blot technique? | probe |
| Allows for multiple targets or samples to be analyzed simultaneously | array methods |
| What is commonly used for leukemia prognosis, diagnosis of autoimmune conditions, and detection of amplifications or deletions in DNA, gene expression, and SNPS | array methods |
| used for multiplex detection of proteins and nucleic acids | bead arrays |
| Bead arrays applications include: | tissue typing for stem cell and organ transplant and respiratory virus panels |
| the probe and the target are both in solution during: | solution hybridization |
| When fluorescence is used to visualize the hybridization reaction this is called: | FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) |
| ____ has been used to identify T-cell lymphocytes, B-cell malignancies, and graft versus host disease after transplants. | FISH |
| ____ is sensitive to the buffer and temperature conditions of hybridization. | FISH |
| ____ refers to the conditions that affect the ability of a probe to correctly bind to a specific DNA target sequence. | Stringency |
| The most frequently used methods in molecular diagnostics involve some aspect of: | amplification |
| Amplification methods include: | target amplification and PCR |
| PCR was quickly followed by other target amplification methods such as: | RT-PCR TMA SDA |
| Hybridization techniques include: | -southern blot -microarray technology for simultaneous assessment of multiple genes -fluorescent in situ hybridization of specific genetic regions |
| PCR, RT-PCR, and qPCR are methods that amplify: | the target DNA |
| ____ involves copying of a specific nucleic acid sequence in order to obtain enough to identify it. | amplification |
| In transcription-mediated amplification, the target is _____. | RNA |
| A ____ copy is made of the original RNA and used to produce millions of RNA during the transcription-mediated amplification process. | cDNA |
| The ____ chain reaction amplifies probes rather than the target DNA. | ligase |
| During the ligase chain reaction, two ____ attach to the target sequence and then are joined and amplified. | primers |
| ________ also involves amplification of a probe rather than the original target DNA. | Strand displacement amplification (SDA) |
| ______ represents a signal amplification method in which multiple probes attach to the original target sequence DNA. | Branched DNA (bDNA) |
| DNA sequencing allows for detection of single nucleotide _____ and _____ not easily detectable with restriction enzyme mapping. | Polymorphisms and mutations |
| ______ methods allow for sequencing of a large number of small DNA sequences at one time. | Next generation sequencing (NGS) |
| ____ is an alternate sequencing method that relies on the generation of light (luminescence) when nucleotides are added to a growing strand of DNA. With this sytem there are no gels, fluorescent dyes, or ddNTPS. | Pyrosequencing |
| ____ is a modification of the DNA replication process and utilizes modified nucleotide bases called dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTP). | Chain termination (Sanger) sequencing |
| The ____ signal amplification assay has been applied to the qualitative and quantitative detection of HBV, HCV, and HIV-1. | branched DNA (bDNA) |
Created by:
Vlandon98