Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CH 11 immuno
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Examples of analytes: | -bacterial antigens -hormones -drugs -tumor markers -spcific immunoglobulins |
| The substance to be measured during unlabeled immunoassays and is typically a protein: | analyte |
| What are the two major formats for all labeled assays? | competitive and noncompetitive immunoassays |
| are designed for antigens and antibodies that may be small in size or present in very low concentrations: | labeled immunoassays |
| All the reactants are mixed together simultaneously | competitive immunoassays |
| During the competitive immunoassay, the _____ antigen competes with _____ patient antigen for a limited number or antibody-binding sites. | -labeled -unlabeled |
| antibody is first passively absorbed to a solid phase a. competitive b. noncompetitive | noncompetitive |
| the amount of bound label is inversely proportional to the concentration of the labeled antigen a. competitive b. noncompetitive | competitive |
| excess antibody is present so that any patient antigen present can be captured a. competitive b. noncompetitive | noncompetitive |
| the amount of label measured is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen a. competitive b. noncompetitive | noncompetitive |
| The first immunoassay developed | Radioimmunoassay (RIA) |
| Measures trace amounts of analytes such as hormones, serum proteins and vitamins that are small in size: | Radioimmunoassay |
| Extremely sensitive and precise technique for determining trace amounts of analytes that are small in size | Radioimmunoassay |
| the amount of label in the bound phase is indirectly proportional to the amount of patient antigen a. competitive b. noncompetitive c. radioimmunoassay | Radioimmunoassay |
| What are some disadvantages of radioimmunoassay? | -working with radioactive substances -disposal of low-level radioactive waste -short shelf life of some reagents |
| Uses enzymes as labels which react with suitable substrates to produce breakdown products that may be chromogenic, fluorogenic, or luminescent: | Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) |
| What are the two classifications for enzyme assays? | heterogeneous or homogeneous |
| Most noncompetitive assays are indirect immunoassays or called: | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) |
| Requires a step to physically separate free analyte from bound analyte: a. heterogeneous b. homogeneous | heterogeneous |
| used to measure antibody production to infectious agents that are difficult to isolate and for autoantibody testing | ELISA |
| If antibody rather than antigen is bound to the solid phase these assays are often called: | sandwich immunoassays or capture assays |
| Capture assays are best suited to antigens that have multiple determinants such as: | -antibodies -cytokines -proteins -tumor markers -microorganisms -VIRUSES |
| These antigen-antibody systems do not require a washing or separation step. a. heterogeneous b. homogeneous | homogenous |
| Which one is more sensitive, heterogenous or homogeneous? | Heterogenous |
| Are used to determine low-molecular-weight anayltes in serum and urine a. heterogenous b. homogenous | homogenous |
| Are membrane-based, single-use, and disposable assays | Rapid immunoassays |
| What is an example of a rapid immunoassay test? | Pregnancy test |
| Another type of rapid immunoassay is: | immunochromatoography |
| Is restricted to qualitative observations involving the use of fluorescence microscope: | Immunofluorescent assay |
| involve antigen detection through a specific antibody that is labeld with a fluorescent tag a. direct immunofluorescent b. indirect immunofluorescent | direct |
| the original antibody is unlabeled . a. indirect immunofluorescent b. direct immunofluorescent | indirect |
| Are fluorescent compounds that absorb energy from an incident light source and convert that energy to light of a longer wavelength. | Fluorochrome |
| What type of assay: Patient antigen competes with labeled antigen for limited antibody-binding sites. | compettive |
| What type of assay: Excess solid-phase antigen binds patient antibody and a second labeled antibody is added. | noncompettive or indirect ELISA |
| What type of assay: Patient antigen and enzyme-labeled antigen react with reagent antibody in solution. Enzyme label in inactivated when reagent antigen binds to antibody. | homogenous |
| What type of assay: Patient antigen is attached to a slide. Specific fluorescent-labeeld antibody is added. | direct fluorescent |
| What type of assay: Reagent antigen is attached to a slide. Patient antibody is allowed to react. A second fluorescent-labeeld antibody is added. | indirect fluorescent |
| What type of assay: Fluorescent-labeled antigen competes with patient antigen for a limited number of soluble antibody-binding sites. | fluorescent polarization |
| What type of assay: Patient sample is added to a test strip and migrates through the trip. Labeled antigen or antibody binds and is captured by a second reagent in the detection zone. | Immunochromatographic |
| What type of assay: excess solid-phase antibody binds patient antigen and a second labeled antibody is added. | Capture or sandwich |
| Result: Inverse ratio: the more patient antigen is present, the less the label detected. | Competitive |
| Result: All patient antibody is allowed to bind. Amount of label is directly proportional to the amount of patient antibody present. | Noncompetitive or indirect ELISA |
| Result: All patient antigen is allowed to bind. Amount of label is directly proportional the the amount of patient antigen present. | Capture or sandwich |
| Result: No separation step. Antibody in solution. Inverse ratio between patient antigen and amount of label detected. | Homogeneous |
| Result: If fluorescence is detected, patient antigen is present and the test is positive. | Direct fluorescent |
| Result: If fluorescence is detected, patient antibody is present and the test is positive. | Indirect fluorescent |
| Result: When patient antigen binds, less reagent antigen binds and less polarization will be detected. Inverse ratio between patient antigen and amount of polarization. | Fluorescent polarization. |
| Result: If test is positive, a line or plus sign will form on the test strip where patient antigen or antibody is captured. | immunochromatographic |
| Which following describes competitive binding assays? a. excess binding sites for the analyte provided b. labeled and unlabeled analyte are present in equal c. the concentration of patient analyte is inversely proportional to bound label | The concentration of patient analyte is inversely proportional to bound label |
| How do heterogeneous differ from homogeneous? a. heterogeneous require a separation step b. heterogeneous easier to perform c. concentration of patient analyte is indirectly proportional to bound label in heterogeneous d. homo are more sensitive | heterogeneous assays require a separation step |
| Which of the following responses characterizes a capture enzyme assay? a. less sensitive than competitive enzyme b. requires two wash steps c. best for small antigens with a single determinant d. a limited number of antibody sites on solid phase | Requires two wash steps |
| Which of the following is an advantage of enzyme immunoassay over RIA? a. decrease in hazardous waste b. shorter shelf life of kit c. natural inhibitors do not affect results d. needs to be read manually | Decrease in hazardous waste |
| Which of the following is characteristic of direct fluorescent assay? a. The anti-immunoglobulin has the fluorescent tag b. antibody is attached to a solid phase c. microbial antigens can be rapidly identified by this method | Microbial antigens can be rapidly identified by this method |
| Which of the following is true of fluorescence polarization? a. both antigen and antibody are labeled b. large molecules polarize more light than smaller c. when binding occurs, there is quenching of the fluorescent tag | Large molecules polarize more light than smaller molecules |
| A fluorescent substance is best described as: a. light energy is absorbed and concerted to a longer wavelength b. the emitted wavelength can be seen under normal white light c. there is a long time between the absorption and emission of light | Light energy is absorbed and concerted to a longer wavelength. |
| In a noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay, if a negative control shows the presence of color, which is possible explanation? a. no reagent was added b. washing steps were incomplete c. the enzyme was inactivated d. no substrate was present | washing steps were incomplete |
| Which best characterizes chemiluminescent assays? a. only the antigen can be labeled b. tests can be read manually c. these are only homogeneous assays d. a chemical is oxidized to produce light | a chemical is oxidized to produce light |
| Immunofluorescent assays may be difficult to interpret for which reason? a. auto fluorescence of substances in serum b. nonspecific binding to serum proteins c. subjectivity in reading results d. all of the above | all of the above |
| Which statement best describes flow-through immunoassays? a. results are quantitative b. they are designed for point-of-care testing c. reagents msut be added separately d. they are difficult to interpret | they are designed for point-of-care testing |
| Which is characteristic of an indirect enzyme immunoassay? a. the first antibody has the enzyme label b. all reagents are added together c. color is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen present d. enzyme specificity is not essential | color is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen present. |
| In a homogeneous enzyme, which best describes the enzyme? a. enzyme activity is altered when binding to antibody occurs b. enzyme label is on the antibody c. enzyme activity is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen present | enzyme activity is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen present. |
| In an indirect immunofluorescent assay, what would be the outcome of an improper wash after the antibody-enzyme conjugate is added? a. results will be falsely decreased b. results will be falsely increased c. results will be unaffected | results will be falsely increased |
| In a heterogeneous enzyme, if the patient sample produces more color than the highest positive control, what action is needed a. report the results as false positive b. dilute the patient sample c. repeat assay using 1 1/2 volume of patient sample | dilute the patient sample |
Created by:
Vlandon98