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Apes unit 5 pt.2
~test 3/27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abundance of Ores and Metals | Plate tectonics, rock cycle, soil formation, and erosion |
| Minerals and rocks are distributed throughout the world | in various quantities -Some are very abundant, some are very rare |
| Earth's formation | cooled and differentiated into different layers → some elements toward core and some toward crust |
| Crustal abundance | avg concentration of element in earths crust |
| Earth's crusts | O, Si, Al, Fe comprise 88% of Earths crust, comp is highly variable dep on location |
| Ores | concentrated accumulation of minerals from which ecologically valuable materials can be extracted |
| Characterization of ores | Characterized by presence of valuable metals |
| Most accessible and high concentration ores | are mined first → then less accessible lower concentrations |
| Reserve | the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered |
| Considered economically recoverable | (extractable) if concentration in host rock is high enough to be profitably mined |
| Metal | must be worth more than the cost of extraction |
| Recycling | generally a good solution to most mining problems |
| Solutions of Recycling | 1.Increases reserve of minerals 2. Reduces amt of mining required 3. Reduces impacts of mining |
| Surface Mining | removing mineral or ore deposits that are close to the earths surface |
| Strip mining | removal of vegetation and strips of soil and rock (overburden) to expose ore |
| If ore runs parallel to surface// mine tailings | large volume of unwanted material must be removed and then returned |
| Open pit mining | creates a large visible pit or hole in the ground. Extends both horizontally and vertically (so it looks like a crater) |
| Mountaintop removal | miners remove entire top of a mountain with explosives |
| Placer mining | looking for minerals, metals, and stones in river sediments |
| Water and Mining | Water is used to separate minerals based on density → California gold mine |
| Subsurface mining | when desired resource is not close to the surface of the Earth and more than 100m below the surface |
| Horizontal tunnels | carved into a mountain or area that contains ore, then vertical shafts are dug. Elevators are used to bring miners down to extract minerals and then bring everything back up |
| All mining | has some sort of env impact |
| Construction of roads or railroad beds for transport | can cause soil erosion, damage to waterways, disrupt habitat |
| Coal mining | dust and greenhouse gasses |
| Mining tailings | can disrupt ecosystems, get into rivers and streams and cause potential health hazards |
| Mountaintop removal | Tailings depending on where theyre deposited can interrupt the flow of streams in vallies |
| Affects of subsurface mining | Subsurface mining has less obvious affects because it isnt visible the way surface mining is |
| Acid mine drainage | water/groundwater mixes with mining tailings → chemical rxn → becomes acidic → drains into streams and water supply disrupting ecosystems |
| Urbanization | process of an area becoming more urban→ more people per unit area of land |
| Local and global impacts | Impact locally by disposing of certain products within a town or city limit Global impact: if that item was shipped or manufactured somewhere else |
| Urban populations | represent 55% of the human population and consume 3⁄4 of the worlds resources |
| UN | “urban area” >386 people per square kilometer (1000 people/m) i. NYC largest urban area in US: 10400 people per square km (27000 people/ mile) ii. Mumbai India largest in the world: 30000 people per square km (77000 people/ mile) |
| Developed Countries | >75% of people in developed countries live in urban areas, ~48% of people in developing countries live in urban areas i. For both those numbers are expected to increase |
| Urban living presents challenges | for developed and developing countries |
| Developed countries city planning as urban areas expand | Pub. transport, h20+ sewer, need to be built up .Requires resources+ fossil fuels . High initial input of resources + fuel over time tapers off→ bc people more densely populated + things r much closer people in cities use energy + efficiently per/per |
| Developing countries: | Affluent versus non affluent sections of urban areas |
| Affluent areas | have access to safe drinking water, good housing, and better services |
| Less affluent areas | tend to not have potable drinking water, housing is often ramshackle and built out of whatever material is on hand and available for people. About 1 billion people worldwide live in this type of housing → people lack sanitation, water or health care |
| Urban Sprawl | About 100yrs ago people moved to cities for opportunities → in the last 60 years people have people have started leaving the cities for the surrounding areas: suburban and exurban |
| Suburbs | surround metropolitan areas and have lower population density |
| Exurbs | not connected to any city or densely populated area |
| 2⁄3 people | now live in suburban and exurban areas |
| More people in suburbs and exurbs | → increase Use of fossil fuels → neg impact on carbon cycling |
| More people in urban and suburban areas | more stress on aquifers and water sources |
| Saltwater intrusion | Impervious surfaces like pavement and concrete dont allow for water to reenter the ground and cycle back into the water table |
| Consequences of saltwater intrusions | More surface runoff More erosion Excess water can overwhelm drainage and water treatment systems |
| Rural pop of US | has been roughly the same since 1910- makes up 1⁄6 of the population |
| Causes and Consequences of Urban Sprawl | - urban areas spread into rural areas making the demarcation between the two blurry -Characterized by clusters of housing, retail shops, office parks separated by miles of road |
| Environmental Impact | Reliance on cars → double the usage of cars compared to people in cities ii. More land used per person |
| 4 CAUSES OF URBAN SPRAWL | Increased availability of of cars and highways to suburbs ii. Reasonable living costs in the suburbs iii. Urban blight: lack of support for and deterioration of cities iv. Govt policies that subsidize highways and mortgages for suburban houses |
| Reducing Impacts of Urbanization and Urban Sprawl | “Smart growth”:focus on strategies that encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities |
| EPA lists 4 basic principles of smart growth | i.Walkable neighborhoods ii. Mixing residential, retail, recreational, and business land uses iii. Encouraging communities to collab in development decisions iv. Preserving open space, farmland, and natural beauty |
| Urban runoff | non permeable surfaces in cities cause a lot of problems by neg impacting the water cycle |
| Water and Evaporation | Water that does not evaporate back into the atmosphere or infiltrate the soil |
| Ecological Footprints and Sustainability | Developed in 1995 by Professor William Rees and then grad student Mathis Wackernagal |
| Ecological footprint | a measure of the area of land and water an individual, population, or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes + process all the waste it generates. Measured in biologically productive land in hectares (1 hectare = 2.47 acres) |
| Many pieces of peoples lifestyle are interdependent | calculating footprint must include all aspects- not just the physical space a person might occupy |
| W and R determined | that if lifestyle demands more land than is available we are living unsustainable ***purpose is to quantify the land required to support a person or country’s activities |
| “Fair Earthshare” | the amount of land that each person is entitled to if all the biologically productive land is divided equally among the human population |
| Carbon Footprint | A measure of the total carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from the activities both direct and indirect of a person country or entity |
| Measured in CO2 equivalents | Methane is 25x more potent as a greenhouse gas→ one unit of methane is counted as 25 CO2 units |
| Carbon footprint is more specific | specific in what it measures while ecological footprint is more broad |
| China | is the largest producer of carbon emissions in the world followed by the united states |
| US | emits more per person since pop is lower |
| Sustainability | is the most comprehensive assessment of environ. impact, being able to use a resource or engage in an activity now w/o jeopardizing the ability of future generations to engage in similar activities later |
| Definition of sustainability | Consuming a resource in such a way that it doesnt deplete or degrade it for future use |
| Maximum sustainable yield (MSY): | the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without reducing or depleting it i. About 1⁄2 carrying capacity→ maximizes yield and regeneration rate |
| Factors that allow us to determine the health of the environment | Biodiversity Food Production Atmospheric Temp and Co2 Human pop. and resources depletion |
| Factors that allow us to determine the health of the environment: Biodiversity | Genetic, species, and ecosystem 2. Higher biodiversity = healthier ecosystem 3. Declining biodiversity can indicate pollution, habitat destruction, climate change 4. Global extinction rate = strong env indicator |
| Factors that allow us to determine the health of the environment: Food Production | Ability of earths soil,h2o, + climate to support agr 2. Major threats to food prod. = cc, soil degrad.,h2o depletion 3. Increase meat consump. →more strain on food prod.→ more water+ land 4. Global grain prod. has leveled off + shows signs of decline |
| Factors that allow us to determine the health of the environment: Atmospheric temp and CO2 | Life on earth depends on very narrow temperature range 2. CO2 is greenhouse gas→ inc CO2, inc temp 3. Deforestation contributes to inc CO2 4. Inc CO2 is unsustainable → dries out arable land, destroys habitats, worsens storm intensity |
| Factors that allow us to determine the health of the environment: Human pop and resource depletion | 1. Inc human pop, dec in resources 2. Resources harvested unsustainably contributes to ecosystem degradation a. More paper = lumber/deforestation b. More food = soil erosion, groundwater depletion c. More travel = inc FF usage |
Created by:
japple