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Immuno CH 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In a precipitation reaction, how can the ideal antibody be characterized? a. Low affinity & low avidity b. High affinity & low avidity c. High affinity & high avidity d. Low affinity and high avidity | high affinity and high avidity |
| Precipitation differs from agglutination in which way? | Precipitation involves a soluble antigen, whereas agglutination involves a particulate antigen |
| When soluble antigens diffuse in a gel that contains antibody, in which zone does optimum precipitation occur? a. Prozone b. Zone of equivalence c. Postzone d. Prezone | Zone of equivalence |
| Which of the following statements apply to rate nephelometry? a. Readings are taken before equivalence is reached. b. It is more sensitive than turbidity c. Measurements are time dependent d. All of the above | All of the above |
| Which of the following is characteristic of the end-point method of RID? a. Readings are taken before equivalence b. Concentration is directly in proportion to the square of the diameter c. The diameter is plotted against the log of the concentration | Concentration is directly in proportion to the square of the diameter |
| In which zone might an antibody-screening test be false negative? a. Prozone b. Zone of equivalence c. Postzone d. None of the above | Prozone |
| How does measurement of turbidity differ from nephelometry? | Nephelometry measures light that is scattered at an angle |
| Which of the following refers to the force of attraction between an antibody and a single antigenic determinant? a. Affinity b. Avidity c. Van der Waals attraction d. Covalence | Affinity |
| Immunofixation elecrtophoresis differs from immunoelectrophoresis in which way? | In immunofixation electrophoresis, antibody is directly applied to the gel instead of being placed in a trough |
| If crossed lines result in an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion reaction with antigens 1 & 2, what does this indicate? a. Antigens 1 & 2 are identical b. Antigen 2 is simpler than antigen 1 c. The two antigens are unrelated d. Antigen 2 is more complex | The two antigens are unrelated |
| Which technique represents a single-diffusion reaction? a. Radial immnodiffusion b. Ouchterlony diffusion c. Immunoelectrophoresis d. Immunofixation electrophoresis | Radial immunodiffusion |
| Which best describes the law of mass action? a. Once antigen-antibody binding takes place, it irreversible b. The equilibrium constant depends only on the forward reaction c. the equilibrium constant is related to strength of antigen-antibody binding | The equilibrium constant is related to strength of antigen-antibody binding |
| Agglutination of dyed bacterial cells represents which type of reaction? a. Direct agglutination b. Passive agglutination c. Reverse passive agglutination d. Agglutination inhibition | Direct agglutination |
| If a single IgM molecule can bind many more antigens than a molecule of IgG, which of the following is higher? a. Affinity b. Initial force of attraction c. Avidity d. Initial sensitization | Avidity |
| Agglutination inhibition oculd best be used for which of the following types of antigens? a. Large cellular antigens such as erythrocytes b. Soluble haptens c. Bacterial cells d. Coated latex particles | Soluble haptens |
| Which of the following correctly describes reverse passive agglutination? a. It is a negative test b. It can be used to detect autoantibodies c. It is used for identification of antigens d. Used to detect sensitization of RBCs | It is used for identification of antigens |
| Reactions involving IgG may need to be enhanced for which reason? a. It is only active at 25 Celcius b. It may be too small to produce lattice formation c. Has only one antigen-binding site d. It is only able to produce visible precipitation reactions | It may be too small to produce lattice formation |
| For which of the following tests is a lack of agglutination a positive reactions? a. Hemagglutination b. Passive agglutination c. Reverse passive agglutination d. Agglutination inhibition | Agglutination inhibition |
| Typing of RBCs with reagent antiserum represents which type of reaction? a. Direct hemagglutination b. Passive hemagglutination c. Hemagglutination inhibition d. Reverse passive hemagglutination | Direct hemagglutination |
| In a particle-counting immunoassay using reagent antibody attached to latex particles, if the particle count in solution is very low, what does this mean about the presence of patient antigen? | The patient has a large amount of antigen present. |
| Is the initial attraction force between a Fab site on an antibody molecule and an epitiope or determinant site on an antigen. | Affinity |
| The strength of attraction depends on the ______ of the antibody for a particular antigen. | Specificity |
| The more the cross-reacting antigen resembles the original antigen, the ______ the bond will be between the antigen and the binding site. | stronger |
| Is the sum of attraction forces between an antigen and an antibody that keeps the molecules together | Avidity |
| Involves the strength with which a ____ antibody binds a ____ antigen | Multivalent |
| Is a measure of the overall stability of an antigen-antibody complex | Avidity |
| Involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible | Precipitation |
| The process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present | Agglutination |
| Precipitation and agglutination are considered: | unlabeled assays |
| Does IgM or IgG have a high avidity? | IgM |
| All antigen-antibody binding is _____. | reversible |
| This law states that free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants. | Law of mass action |
| The value of K depends on the strength of: | Binding between antibody and antigen |
| The higher the value of K: | The larger the amount of antigen antibody complex and the more visible or easily detectable the reaction |
| The higher the affinity and avidity values for an antibody and the more antigen-antibody complexes that are formed...... | The more sensitive is the test |
| What reaction involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible? | Precipitation reactions |
| Precipitation reactions require antigen and antibody to have: | Multiple binding sites and equal relative concnetration |
| antibody excess: | Prozone |
| Antigen excess: | postzone |
| optimal precipitation: | zone of equivalence |
| The number of multivalent sites of an antigen and antibody are approximately equal: | Zone of equivalence |
| A false negative reaction may take place in the _____ because of high antibody concentration. | prozone |
| A measure of the turbidity or cloudiness of a solution: | Turbidimetry |
| This devices measures the reduction in light intensity caused by reflection, absorption, or scatter. | Turbidimetry |
| Measures the light that is scattered at a particular angle form the incident beam as it passes through a suspension | Nephelometry |
| When no electrical current is used to speed up the process of antigen-antibody combination by means of diffusion is: | passive immunodiffusion |
| The rate of diffusion is affected by what in passive immunodiffusion? | size of particles, the temperature, the gel viscosity, and the amount of hydration |
| A single-diffusion technique is called: | Radial immunodiffusion (RID) |
| During RID, ____ is in the support gel, and ____ is applied in a well cut in the gel. | Antibody, antigen |
| During RID, ____ diffuses out until the point of equivalence is reached. | antigen |
| A double diffusion technique where wells are cut in a gel, and both antigen and antibody diffuse out radially: | Ouchterlony diffusion |
| Three possible patterns during Ouchterlony diffusion are: | identity, partial identity, and nonidentity |
| This technique is used with serum as the antigen to determine over-or underproduction of antibody types: | Immunofixation elecrophoresis |
| Equivalence occurs between: | 24 and 72 hours |
| The two-step process of agglutination is: | sensitization and lattice formation |
| Antigen and antibody unite through antigenic determinant sites; | Sensitization (initial binding) |
| Rearrangement of antigen and antibody bonds to form a stable lattice | lattice formation ( formation of large aggregates) |
| Agglutination is produced by: | antibodies called agglutinins |
| Types or particles participating in agglutination reactions are: | erythrocytes, bacterial cells, and inert carriers such as latex particles. |
| Uses known bacterial antigens to test for the presence of unknown antibodies in the patient: | Direct agglutination |
| An example of a direct agglutination: | Widal test, a rapid screening |
| If an agglutination reaction involves RBCs, then it is called: | hemagglutination |
| What type of agglutination reaction employs particles that are coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces? | Passive agglutination |
| What type of agglutination reaction is used to detect Rheumatoid factor? | Passive agglutination |
| What type of agglutination reaction is used to detect microbial antibodies? | Reverse passive agglutination |
| Antigen is attached to the carrier particle and agglutination occurs if patient antibody is present | Passive agglutinaion |
| Antibody is attached to the carrier particle and agglutination occurs if antigen is present in patient sample | Reverse passive agglutination |
| A lack of agglutination is an indicator of a: | positive reaction |
| ____ reactions are based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody combining sites: | Agglutination inhibition |
| What type of reaction is antigen naturally found on a particle? | Direct agglutination |
| What type of reaction are particles coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces? | Passive agglutination |
| What type of reaction are particles are coated with reagent antibody? | Reverse passive agglutination |
| What type of reaction are haptens attached to carrier particles | Agglutinatio ninhibition |
| What type of reaction are RBCs spontaneously agglutinate if viral particles are present | Hemagglutination inhibition |
| Results: Agglutination indicates the presence of patient antibody | Direct agglutination and Passive aggutination |
| Results: Agglutination indicates the presence of patient antigen | Reverse Passive agglutination |
| Results: Lack of agglutination is a positive test, indicating the presence of patient antigen | Agglutination inhibition |
| Results: Lack of agglutination is a positive test, indicating the presence of patient antibody | Hemagglutination inhibition |
Created by:
Vlandon98