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Y9 Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stimuli | Changes in the environment detected by sense organs |
| Receptor | Special cells in sense organs that detect stimuli |
| Thermoreceptor | Receptor that detects variations in temperature |
| Mechanoreceptor | Receptor that detects environmental movement such as pressure or sound |
| Chemoreceptor | Receptor that detects chemicals |
| Photoreceptor | Receptor that detects light electromagnetic radiation |
| Pain receptor | Receptor that detects chemicals associated with injury |
| Olfactory nerve | Nerves inside the nose |
| Integrator | Processes receptor impulses and determines response. Also called the brain or coordinator |
| Effector | Muscle or gland used in a response |
| Response | The needed counteraction to the stimulus |
| Pupil | Dark spot on eye where light enters |
| Iris | Coloured part of eye that dilates or contracts to control amount of light entering the eye |
| Lens | Covex lens that focuses incoming light into the eye |
| Retina | Layer at back of eye containing the photoreceptors |
| Optic nerve | Nerve sending messages from photoreceptors to the brain |
| Cornea | Protective layer over the lens |
| Accomodation | Reflect of the eye by ciliary muscles so lens will correctly focus light |
| Short-sightedness | Lens focuses light in front of retina, far objects blurry |
| Long-sightedness | Lens focusses light behind retina, near objects blurry |
| Cones | Photoreceptors for colour - red/blue/green |
| Rods | Photoreceptors for light intensity |
| Blindspot | Area where optic nerve joins to the retina where there are no photoreceptors |
| Cochlea | Area in ear where mechanoreceptors are located |
| Semiscircular canals | Three semicircular canals in ear used for balance |
| Auditory nerve | Sends signals from cochlea to brain |
| 5 types of tastebuds | Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savory) |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining a constant internal environment |
| Negative feedback | Response is to move in the opposite direction to the stimulus if levels are too high, and to move in the forward direction if levels are too low. Eg. Blood glucose levels. |
| Positive feedback | Response is always to keep moving in the forward direction. Eg. contractions of muscles in giving birth |
| Insulin | Blood glucose hormone that causes storage as glycogen in the cells |
| Glucogon | Blood glucose hormone that releases glycogen in cells to glucose in the blood |
| Glycogen | Storage molecule of glucose |
| Nervous system | Communication by nerves - electrical, fast signal, immediate response, short lasting, localised effects |
| Hormonal system | Communication by hormoes - chemical, slow signal, slow response, long lasting, systemic effects |
| Central nervous system CNS | Brain and spinal chord |
| Peripheral nervous system PNS | All the nerves around the body apart from the CNS |
| Endocrine glands | Glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood eg. pancreas |
| Sensory neurons | Nerves that take messages from receptors to the brain |
| Motor neurons | Nerves that take messages from the brain to effectors such as glands or muscles |
| Synapse | The gap between nerve cells |
| Neurotransmitters | The chemicals that transmit the signal in the synapse |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers |
| Cell body | Part of the nerve cell that contains dendrites and nucleus |
| Dendrite | Accepts signal from another nerve cell |
| Axon | Sends signal to another nerve cell |
| Myelin sheath | Insulated coating on axon to increase speed of signal |
| Reflex | Nerve pathway that bypasses the brain for a quicker response eg. pupil reflex |
| Pituitary gland | The master gland that sends hormones to other endocrine glands |
| Disease | Any condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism |
| Infectious disease | Disease that can be spread by pathogens |
| Non-infectious disease | Disease not caused by a pathogen |
| Pathogen | A contagion that causes disease. This could be a virus, fungi, bacteria, protist, worm, prion or anthropod. |
| Inherited disease | Non-infectious disease caused by inheritance of defect DNA |
| Nutritional disease | Non-infectious disease caused by insufficient or inadequate diet |
| Environmental disease | Non-infectious disease caused by the environmental factors such as exposure to chemicals |
| Vector | Organism that carries a pathogen to a different species |
| Parasite | Organism that lives off another at its expense |
| Host | The organism that supports a parasite |
| Endoparasites | Parasites that live inside another organism |
| Ectoparasites | Parasites that live attached to the outside of another organism |
| Bacteria | Single celled organisms that have no nucleus and a cell wall. |
| Virus | DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat that can replicate inside a living cell. |
| Antigen | A molecule that causes an immune response |
| Allergen | An overreaction to an antigen |
| Autoimmune disease | A disease caused by the body reacting to itself as an antigen |
| Physical barrier | Prevention of infection such as by skin, bark |
| Chemical barrier | Prevention of infection such as by tears and other secretions |
| Blood clotting | Series of chemical reactions that cause a blockage from bleeding |
| Inflammation | Increase of blood reaching an infected area |
| Fever | Increase in body temperature to destroy a pathogen |
| Lymphocytes | White blood cells WBC such as T cell and B cells |
| Phagocytes | White blood cells WBC that engulf pathogens |
| B cells | A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies |
| Antibodies | Chemicals produced that bind to a specific antigen |
| T cells | A type of lymphocyte that kills cells infected with a pathogen |
| Active immunity | Antibodies made by an organism. Memory cells produced. |
| Passive immunity | Antibodies received from another organism. No memory cells produced. |
| Natural active immunity | Active immunity from exposure to a pathogen |
| Artificial active immunity | Active immunity from injection of a weakened or killed pathogen. Also called vaccination or immunisation. |
| Natural passive immunity | Antibodies gained through the placenta or breastmilk. |
| Artificial passive immunity | Injection of antibodies |
| Antibiotics | Chemicals that inhibit the growth of bacteria |
| Species | A single living organism |
| Population | All the organisms of one species |
| Community | All the populations of an area |
| Ecosystem | The community (biotic) and environment (abiotic) |
| Biotic | All the living components of an ecosystem |
| Abiotic | All the non-living components of an ecosystem |
| Ecology | The study of ecosystems |
| Habitat | An area withing an ecosystem with unique characteristics |
| Autotroph | Organism that produces its own food (usually from the sun) - a producer |
| Heterotroph | Organism that eats other organisms eg. consumers and decomposers |
| Decomposer | Breaks down dead organic matter |
| Predator | An organism that kills and eats another organism |
| Prey | An organism that is killed by another organism |
| Parasitism | A relationship where one organism lives off another organism at its expense |
| Mutalism | A relationship where both organisms benefit |
| Commensalism | A relationship where one organism benefits but the other neither benefits or is harmed |
| Population growth | Determined by births/immigration less deaths/emmigration |
| Trophic level 1 | Producers |
| Trophic level 2 | Primary consumers (often herbivores, could be omnivores) |
| Trophic level 3 | Secondary consumers (often carnivores, could be omnivores) |
| Herbivore | Eats only plants |
| Carnivore | Eats only animals |
| Omnivore | Eats plants and animals |
| Immigration | moving into an area |
| Emigration | moving out of an area |
| Population growth | (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration) |
| Energy pyramid | Shows the 90% loss of energy at each trophic level |
Created by:
andrewweng0406