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GEOLOGY LESSON 1.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Soil has originated from the ____ word _____ | Latin,....Solum |
| The loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earth’s crust produced by the disintegration of rocks, overlying hard rock with or without organic matter | Soil |
| Breaks down and alters rocks and minerals at or near the earth's surface | Weathering |
| Types of Weathering | Physical or Mechanical Weathering and Chemical Weathering |
| What are the factors of Weathering | Atmospheric, Erosion and Transportation, and Chemical Action |
| Also known as the physical weathering which is a processes that break a rock or mineral into smaller pieces without altering its composition | Mechanical Weathering |
| Types of mechanical weathering (6) | Abrasion, Exfoliation, Frost Action, Organic Activity, Hyadroulic Action, and Haloclasty, |
| When rocks collide one another or scrap against each other, their exposed surfaces can be chipped or fractured | Abrasion |
| Outer layers of rocks peel off like an onion | Exfoliation |
| When liquid water goes into cracks and then freezes causing the cracks to get wider | Frost Action |
| These may include: Root Pry (Plant Activities) Burrowing (Animal Activities) Mining/Construction (Human Activities) | Organic Activity |
| Occurs when water (generally from powerful waves) rushes rapidly into cracks in the rock face, thus trapping a layer of air at the bottom of the crack, compressing it and weakening the rock. | Hydraulic Action |
| A process in which the growth of salt crystals causes physical weathering when saline solution seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind. | Haloclasty |
| Is the decomposition of materials by a series of chemical reactions that result in the rust on cars or the corrosion or staining of building facades | Chemical Weathering |
| Is a decomposition process in which water is one of the reacting agents | Hydrolysis |
| May be illustrated by the decomposition of calcite (calcium carbonate) to calcium bicarbonate | Carbonation |
| Is highly soluble and is readily leached from soils | Calcium Bicarbonate |
| When oxygen combines with iron in rocks, it changes into iron oxide (rust). Occurs when oxygen in air assisted by water combines with minerals to form oxides. | Oxidation |
| Factors in Soil Formation | Climate and time, Biota Factor, Parental Material, and Topography |
| Is a geological process in which sediments, soils, and rocks are added or to form a landform or land mass | Soil Deposition |
| Soils that remain where they were formed, simply overlying the rock from which they came from | Residual Soils |
| Soils formed when rock weathers at one site and the particles are moved to one location | Transposted Soils |
| Types of residual soil deposits | Course-Grained Soils and Fine-Grained Soils |
| Common transporting agents for particles | 1. Gravity 2. Running water 3. Glaciers 4. Wind |
| Soil deposits transported by the effect of gravity. (ex. Landslide) | GRAVITY DEPOSITS |
| Soils carried and deposited by flowing water | ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS |
| Result from the action of glaciers | Glacier deposits |
| Deposits that have wind as the transporting agent (ex. Dunes) | Wind Deposits |
| Types of transported soils with regards to the agents | Gravity Deposits, Alluvial Deposits, Glacier Deposits, Wind Deposits |
| Is a natural succession of zones or strata below the ground surface and represents the alterations in the original soil material which have been brought about by weathering processes | Soil Profile |
| Typical Soil Profile | A HORIZON 30-50 CM, B HORIZON 60-100 CM, C¹ HORIZON 3-4 M, C² HORIZON BELOW 4-5 M |
| The top, organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and humus | O Horizon |
| The layer called topsoil; is made up of humus mixed with mineral particles. (black soil) | A Horizon |
| ______ layer is light in color; It is made up mostly of sand and silt, having lost most of its minerals and clay as water drips through the soil called _____ | E Horizon,....Leaching |
| Leachingbis also called as | Eluviation Layer |
| Also called the subsoil. It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) | B Horizon |
| B Horizon also named as the | Illuviation Layer |
| The slightly broken-up bedrock. The regolith. | C Horizon |
| The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers | R Horizon |
| Refers to the arrangement of particles in soils (sand, silt, clay, and organic matter) commonly called aggregates into porous compounds which are separated by pores and cracks. Soil structure will also influence water movement. | Soil Structure |
| The behavior of the individual soil particle and their interaction with another particle is influenced by the following forces: | 1. Weight of the particle due to gravitational force, Fg 2. Particle surface forces, due to surface electrical forces, Fs |
| The major emgineering categories of soils | Gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
| Gravel and sand are universally considered as _____ while silt and clay as ______ | Course-grained soil,.....Fine-grained soil |
| Is now almost universally accepted and has been adopted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). | Unified Soil Classification System |
| Soil structure can be described in terms of following | Grade, Class, and Type of Aggregates |
| Is necessary for good soil structure | Humus |
| Single particles when assembled appear as larger particles. These are called | Aggregates |
| Degree of aggregation | Grade |
| Class average size | Class |
| Forms | Types of aggregates |
| Expresses the difference on cohesion within aggregates and adhesion between aggregates | Grade of Structure |
| Four major grades of structure | Structureless, weak, moderate, and strong |
| No observable aggregation | Structureless |
| Poorly formed | Weak |
| Fromed from aggregates that are moderately durable | Moderate |
| Formed from aggregates that are durable | Strong |
| Describes the average size of individual aggregate (5) | • Very fine or very thin • Fine or thin • Medium • Coarse or thick • Very coarse or very thick |
| Describes the form or shape of individual aggregates | Types of Structure |
| Types of soil structures (6) | Granular, Blocky, Prismatic, Platy, Columnar, Single-grained |
| Resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing | Granular |
| Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5-5.0 cm in diameter | Blocky |
| Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long. Usually found in lower horizons | Prismatic |
| Vertical columns of soil have a salt cap at the top. Found in soils of arid climates | Columnar |
| Thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally. | Platy |
| Soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together. | Single Grained |
| The combinations of these determine the soil’s properties such as texture, structure, porosity, and color. | Soil composition |
| Soil Composition |
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