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Perception Exam 3
Cumulative exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the two broad classes of units in the SI system? | Base Units and Derived units |
| Which class has 7 units | Base Units |
| How do we get all other units of physical measurement? | The 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1971 agreed upon 7 standards, from which all other physical properties are derived. |
| What is the unit of luminous intensity? Is it a base or a derived unit? | Candela. It is a base unit. |
| What is work | Force applied across a distance (measured in joule). Also newton-meter. W=FxD |
| What is energy | Ability to do work. Measured in Joules |
| What kind of energy is light? | Electromagnetic (radiation) |
| What is a quanta of light called? | Photon |
| What happens when light travels from one medium into another medium? | Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium into another medium, which changes the speed at which the light travels. |
| What is the highest point of a wave called (hint: not crest)? | Peak |
| What is the lowest point of a wave called? | Trough |
| What is the difference between the highest point and lowest point called? | Amplitude |
| What is the frequency of a wave? | The numbers of cycles/time |
| What is the period of a wave? | The time to complete one cycle - f=1/p |
| What mathematical technique can we use to estimate the amplitude of different frequencies in a complex wave? | Fourier Analysis |
| What is thermal energy | Molecular motion (molecules moving around and colliding into each other) Unit of thermal energy is Kelvin |
| What are the 3 ways heat can be transferred from one object or location to another? | conduction (flow of energy through touch) convection (flow of energy through heated liquids or gases) radiation (flow of energy through open space) |
| What are the cells in the brain that support perception? | Neuron (Canonical neuron) |
| What are the three main parts of this type of cell? | Dendrites, soma, axon Dendrites receive signals from other cells, axons transfer signals to other cells, soma is nucleus of neuron. |
| What are the gaps between these cells called? | synapse |
| What do we call the chemicals that signal across this gap? | neurotransmitters |
| What do we call the signal that these cells send and receive? | action potential |
| How many of these signals can be produced by a single cell in one second? | Up to 1,000 times per second, but rarely more than 200 times a second |
| What are the different ways that brain cells can be connected to each other? | One-to-one connectivity - One neuron connects to one other neuron downstream Divergent - one neuron connects to many others downstream Convergent - many neurons connect to a single neuron |
| What are the four types of projection (as classified by relative location of transmitter and receiver)? | Intralaminar, interlaminar, local and distal projection Intra(within), inter (between), local (close),distal (far) |
| What is a JND? Are they constant across stimulus intensity levels? | JND = Just Noticeable Difference or the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that can be detected. No, they aren’t constant |
| According to Weber’s Law, what happens to the JND as stimulus intensity increases? | As stimulus intensity increases, JND increases as well |
| At low stimulus intensities, observers sometimes detect a stimulus and sometimes fail to detect it. How did Fechner explain this phenomenon? | JND subjective experience with threshold level of 0 Perception is adaptive, not veridical. This means that how we have adapted to perceive may impact how well/when we detect a stimulus. It is not innate. |
| Describe Method of Limits | Start with perceptible stimulus intensity, gradually REDUCE intensity until obs. says can't detect stimulus. Gradually INCREASE intensity until obs. detects stimulus. Repeat several times and avg. values that corresponded to changes in observer’s report |
| Describe Method of Constant Stimuli | Present a set of stimuli of fixed intensities, some known to be above and some below the threshold. Present many trials at each intensity level and the intensity level that results in a detection on 50% of trials is the threshold |
| describe Method of Adjustment | The observer controls the intensity of the stimulus, and is instructed to lower and raise it until the stimulus is “just detectable”. This method is very quick, but subject to the greatest amount of error in estimating the threshold |
| What are these methods supposed to be measuring? | Threshold |
| What is the unit of Fechner’s psychophysical scale? | JND |
| What assumption did Fechner make in order to make this unit sensible? | All JNDs are subjectively equal |
| According to signal detection theory (SDT), is there such a thing as an absolute threshold? | No, it’s subjective signal |
| What 2 factors determine performance in a detection experiment, according to SDT? | Sensitivity (d’)d prime Bias (β) |
| In any detection experiment, there are 2 things that might be true (a signal was present, or it was not), and 2 things that an observer might report: I detected a signal, or I did not detect anything. This makes for 4 possible outcomes. What are they? | Hit, miss, correct rejection, false alarm hit: you accurately detected a signal miss: you missed a signal (Type 2 error) correct rejection: you correctly found no signal false alarm: you think there is a signal when there isn't (Type 1 error |
| What determines how an observer places their criterion for detecting a signal, according to SDT? | The costs and benefits of being more conservative or liberal |
| What 2 things make an observer more conservative? | Fewer false alarms, more misses |
| What 2 things make an observer more liberal? | More hits, but also more false alarms |
| What SDT statistic describes an observer’s sensitivity, independent of their bias? | D prime |
| An ROC curve plots what? | The probability of hits and false alarms -shailynn rice` |
| What happens to an ROC curve as a signal becomes more detectable (i.e,. as an observer’s sensitivity to that signal increases)? | As intensity increases, the curve of the function curves more |
| Briefly name and describe the family of methods developed by S.S. Stevens to measure psychophysical functions for intensity perception. | Direct method estimation (or magnitude estimation?) gave the participant a scale to put their perceived intensity on in comparison with a standard This is rather than just saying yes or no to detection |
| Using these methods, what kind of function results? | Power law (stevens) |
| On discrimination tasks (i.e,. 2AFC), a characteristic curve relating performance to the physical difference between stimuli usually results. What is the shape of this curve? | S-shaped curve |
| What are the two most popular functions for fitting this curve? | Weibull function Cumulative gaussian |
| What do we mean by a 2AFC task? | Forced choice (cannot say IDK) 2 Alternative Forced Choice Paradigm F.G |
| In general, judging from psychophysical functions, is perception veridical (i.e., do you see things as they really are)? | No |
| Again judging from psychophysical functions, can we say that perception is adaptive? | Yes |
| Why do we have greater acuity in our central vision? | The high packing density of cones and low convergence of cones onto bipolar cells in the macula support higher visual acuity within the central visual field. |
| Why do we have greater sensitivity in our peripheral vision? | Little light is required to produce a firing rate in the rods. (bc of the many-1 connection with bipolar cells) |
| Why don’t we have great sensitivity and acuity throughout the visual field? | sensitivity and acuity are trade-offs you can have all the acuity you want, but you will need blindingly bright light to see all that detail you can have incredible sensitivity, but you won't have a clue what's out there or where it is |
| The muscles that control pupil size are called what? | The iris Sphincter closes the pupil Dilator opens the pupil |
| What is the pupil | Round opening at the center of the iris. Changes size to let light into the eye |
| If a bright light is shone suddenly at the eye, the pupil closes quickly. This is _____ reflex. | Whytt's |
| What do we call the process of focusing at a particular distance? | Accommodation |
| What is the function of the lens? | Refracts to focus light on the retina (ciliary muscles bend) |
| How does the lens fulfill this function for both near and far objects? | Ciliary muscles bend the lens to see close up, relax to see further |
| What is the 3-layer sheet of cells that transduces light on the back of the eyeball? | Retina |
| What is the center of this sheet of cells called (i.e., the part that is in a small pit)? | Fovea |
| What are the 2 types of cells that actually transduce light? | Rods & Cones |
| Which one of these cell types is more numerous in the fovea? | Cones |
| Which is more numerous in the periphery? | Rods |
| Which type of transducer is responsible for high-acuity vision? | Cones |
| Which type is responsible for high-sensitivity vision? | Rods |
| These photosensitive cells are connected to __________ cells, which are connected to ____________ cells. | Bipolar; Ganglion Cells |
| The axons of ____________ cells make up the _____________ nerve. | Ganglion, Optic |
| Information from the visual fields is split, so that all information from a visual field goes to the contralateral (i.e,. opposite side) hemisphere, at what structure? | Optic chiasm |
| The structure in thalamus that receives most of the projections from the eye, and sends most of its projections to visual area V1, is the _______________? | LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) |
| The process by which the eye focuses near and far objects is called what? | Accommodation |
| This process is caused partly by vergence movements of the eye. What also happens to the lens? | It bends. |
| If the eyeball is too short, so that the plane of focus for the image is behind the retina, _______________ results. | Hyperopia-FG |
| If the eyeball is too long, so that the plane of focus for the image is in front of the retina, ______________ results. | Myopia-FG |
| When the lens loses its flexibility, either normally with age or abnormally early in life, _________________ results. | Presbyopia |
| From V1, information about object identity is fed forward along the _______ pathway while information about motion and location is fed forward along the_________ pathway | Parvocellular; magnocellular |
| True or false: the pathway from eye to LGN to V1 describes the only pathway from retina to brain. | False |
| People with brain damage who cannot consciously detect lights in part of their visual field, but nevertheless can point to those lights, all the while insisting that they are guessing, have a condition known as ________________. | Blindsight |
| The part of the visual field that causes a neuron in the visual system to change its firing rate is called the _________________________ of that cell. | Receptive field |
| What are the two types of ganglion cells? | P cells (excited by cones) - M cells (excited by rods) Indirectly through bipolar cells |
| What is a receptive field? | Part of the visual field that causes a cell to change its firing rate. |
| A spatial arrangement of receptive fields such that nearby parts of the visual field are represented by nearby neurons is called a ____________________. | Retinopy |
| This type of architecture is present in the retina, and also in __________ and ________. | LGN ; V1 Thalamus |
| What is an on-center, off-surround receptive field? | Increased firing rate if center of receptive field is stimulated, but decrease firing rate if the surrounding areas is stimulated |
| What is an off-center, on-surround receptive field? | Decreased firing rate if center of receptive field is stimulated, but increased firing rate if the surrounding areas is stimulated |
| Describe the 3 types of edge detectors in V1 and the types of stimuli they respond to. | Simple Cells Respond strongly to straight bar of particular orientation passed through their receptive field; Complex Cells Lg receptive fields Bar of particular orientation can elicit change in firing rate anywhere from receptive field |
| Describe the 3 types of edge detectors in V1 and the types of stimuli they respond to. | Hyper Complex Cells Lg receptive fields Respond to bars of particular orientation & of particular length |
| These cells are arranged into columns, termed __________ columns. Adjacent columns respond to what kind of stimuli relative to each other? | Orientation; all cells respond optimally to different but close orientation |
| True or false: cells in V1 are stimulated by input from only 1 eye. | False: you receive input from both eyes but given cell usually has a greater response to input from one eye than the other |
| What are ocular dominance columns? | cells in a column tend to respond more strongly to the same eye, hence the concept of an ocular dominance column.These ocular dominance columns are arranged in alternating sequence, so adjacent columns respond best to different eyes. |
| What is an arrangement of 2 rows of orientation columns, one for each type of ocular dominance called? | Hypercolumns |
| The fovea, although covering only a tiny part of the visual field, is represented by the majority of V1, a phenomenon called ____________________________. | Cortical magnification |
| When it is dark, visual information is handled by what kind of vision? | scotopic |
| What kind of photoreceptor is most associated with this kind of vision? | Rods |
| What is consequence of this fact for color perception in low light? | Although rods are more sensitive to light than cones, there is only one type of rod, which means you cannot distinguish color in the dark |
| In bright lighting, visual information is handled by what kind of vision? | Photopic |
| What photoreceptor is most associated with this kind of vision? | Cones |
| The process by which sensitivity increases with time in darkness is called what? | Dark adaption |
| Experiments indicate that under the right conditions (and what are those conditions?), as little as ______ photons of light may cause a conscious sensation of light. | Conditions: dark adapted in low light Rods can be excited by as few as a single photon As few as 5 photons striking the retina could result in detection |
| What are the 5 influences on sensitivity discussed in class? | # of photoreceptors available to transduce light Wavelength Size of stimulated area Area of retina stimulated Duration |
| What do we call the point at which perception of 2 sequential flashes of light cannot be distinguished from a single flash of light? | Critical flicker freq (CFF) |
| What is detection acuity? | The smallest stimulus that can be detected (at a given intensity) |
| What is Vernier acuity? | Smallest offset between 2 lines that can be detected |
| What is resolution acuity? | Smallest spacing between components of a figure that can be detected |
| What is recognition acuity? | Smallest size of FAMILIAR objects that can be recognized |
| What is dynamic acuity? | Smallest moving target that can be detected and correctly localized (at given intensity) |
| What is the technical term for far-sightedness? | Hyperopia |
| What is the technical term for near-sightedness? | Myopia |
| What causes near-sightedness, genes or environment? | Near-sightedness (myopia) is a genetic, but environmental factors such as literacy can contributed |
| A sudden, ballistic movement of the eye is what? | Saccades |
| The periods between these movements, when the visual system takes in information, are called what? | Fixations |
| In order for slow movements of the eye to be smooth, there must be an external moving stimulus.These movements are called what? | Smooth pursuit |
| The system that allows us to stay focused on a stationary target while our head moves is called what? | Vestibulo-Ocular reflex |
| The reflex that causes our eyes to move when there is a sudden movement in the visual field is called what? | OKR (Optokinetic Reflex) |
| When our eyes move centrally toward each other to focus on a nearby object, this is what kind of eye movement? | Micro-saccade system |
| What happens to our vision during a saccade? | Little to no information is processed; saccades typically are not noticed |
| What are the 3 components of color? | Hue, brightness, and saturation |
| What physical property of light is most related to perception of hue? | Wavelength (Frequency) |
| What type of photoreceptor cell mediates color vision? | Cones |
| How many types of color-sensitive photoreceptor are there? | 3S (short + blue), M (medium + green), L (large + red) |
| What theory of color vision does this number provide support for? | Young-Helmholz theory / Trichromatic theory of color perception (proposed by Thomas Young) |
| What phenomenon of color vision does this number explain? | Additive color mixing |
| What is the other main theory of color vision? | Opponent-process theory of color perception (proposed by Ewald Herring) |
| What phenomenon of color vision was this theory meant to explain? | Afterimages (receptor process for a color is becoming fatigues by repeated stimulation) Afterimage for green is red, yellow is blue |
| Is there any physiological evidence for this theory? | there are cones (s,m,l) correlated with different wavelengths that help us perceive different colors (trichromatic theory) After they are stimulated they increase or decrease firing rate of bipolar cells for that color oponent process theory |
| What phenomenon does the term color constancy refer to? | Our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations. The color of objects is determined by the wavelengths reflected off of that surface |
| The condition of insensitivity to the color red is what? | protoanomaly |
| The condition of insensitivity to the color green is what? | deuteranomaly |
| The condition of blindness to the color red is what? | protanopia |
| The condition of blindness to the color green is what? | deuteranopia |
| What is an inverse problem? | A problem with multiple solutions |
| What do inverse problems have to do with vision? | Our brain uses 3D information (real-world) and can only use 2D information projected on the retina |
| Vision processing has early and late stages. The early stages are primarily concerned with extracting features, also called visual ____________, while later stages are concerned with constructing percepts from features, also called visual ____? | Analysis; Synthesis |
| Mach bands are thought to aid what visual process? | Edge detection (a part of analysis) |
| The process of estimating the frequencies and relative amplitudes that comprise a wave is called what? | Fourier’s analysis? |
| What are the Gestalt principles? I mean as a whole, conceptually, not just the name and description of each. | Assumptions the brain/mind makes. Serves to segment figure from the ground, and determine what parts of the scene are bound as objects |
| Give the name and description of each Gestalt principle: | Proximity, similarity, connectedness, good continuation, good form, symmetry, common fate |
| What is proximity | Elements closely together are more likely to be a part of the same object |
| What is similarity | Similar features more likely to belong to the same object rather than dissimilar |
| What is connectedness | Elements connected by continuous boundary likely to belong to the same element |
| What is good continuation | Elements following simple lines likely to belong to same object rather than complex lines |
| What is good form | Simple objects more likely than complex |
| What is symmetry | Symmetric figures more likely than asymmetric |
| What is common fate | Principle of dynamic motion perception Things that move together more likely part of the same object than things that don’t |
| What are the monocular cues to depth perception? | Interposition, aerial perspective, shading, elevation, linear perspective, texture gradients, relative size, motion parallax, and accomodation. |
| What are the binocular cues to depth perception? | Convergence & Disparity In addition to accommodation, the degree to which the eyes must converge to obtain a single image of an object provides information about how far away that object is |
| What is stereopsis? | Perception of 3D space through binocular integration, takes place in the cortex, has been called cyclopean vision because it is essentially vision by the single eye in the brain, rather than the two in the front of the head. Depth perception |
| What are the two approaches to object recognition discussed in class? | Template Matching Feature Analysis |
| Which one appears to be a better explanation of human (and animal) object recognition abilities? | Feature Analysis Ex: confusability of letters depends on common features C for G, T for F, but not C for F |
| Recognition by components is what kind of theory? | Biederman Theory - Object Recognition Objects are broken up into basic shapes called geons |
| What are the features that are matched in recognition by components? | Geons (basic shapes) to objects |
| What is perceptual constancy? | Percept of an object remains constant despite change in our sensation Ex: door remaining rectangular despite closed or open |
| What is size constancy? | The tendency for objects to appear to be a constant size despite wide variation in the extent of their retinal image? |
| What is shape constancy? | Percept of the shape of an object remains constant despite change in retinal image |
| What is color constancy? | Percept of color is more or less constant over wide range of illuminance Ex: apple will remain red(or whatever color) despite time of day or position |
| Why are visual illusions important in the study of vision? | They reveal assumptions our visual system makes about the real world |
| In the Ponzo illusion, the upper line is seen as longer than the lower line. What is the traditional explanation for this misperception? | Size constancy correction The line at the top appears to be farther away by linear perspective and elevation thus size constancy makes it appear bigger. |
| In the Muller-Lyer illusion, the line segment within inward-pointing fins is seen as shorter than the line segment within outward-pointing fins. What is the traditional explanation of this illusion? | Perceptive-constancy hypothesis: the lines give subtle depth cues, so that the part of the line with the outward fins appears further away than the part with the inward fins |
| How does the “perceiving the present” hypothesis explain visual illusions? | Perceiving the present is the assumption that our brain predicts the future to accommodate for delay in neural circuitry. Use illusions to “recognize regularities,” which allows us to view the world how it “probably” is in the now |
| The perception of pitch corresponds to what physical property of sound medium oscillations? | The frequency of the sound wave corresponds to the perception of pitch (how high or low the sound seems) |
| The perception of loudness corresponds mainly to what physical property of sound medium oscillations? | The amplitude of the wave (corresponding to how dense the air molecules get at compression compared to rarefaction) corresponds to the perception of loudness |
| The perception of loudness corresponds mainly to what physical property of sound medium oscillations? | Compression - Lots of molecules little space Rarefraction - Fewer molecules same amount of space Higher amplitude=louder sound |
| What other physical property of sound medium oscillations has a large effect on loudness perception? | Pitch also affects perceptions of loudness. Higher pitches are perceived as louder than lower pitches |
| The cells that transduce basilar membrane vibrations into neural impulses are called what? | Hair cells of the Organ of Corti are the receptor cells that transduce vibration of the basilar membrane into action potentials |
| There are believed to be how many different types of these auditory transducers? What are they called? | Two. Inner and outer hair cells |
| What type of information is each type thought to be responsible for? | Inner hair cells (Acuity) Discriminate fine differences between pitch Need high amplitude to generate action potential (loudness) More of these are connected to the auditory nerve cells Think similar to cones(high acuity) |
| What type of information is each type thought to be responsible for? | Outer hair cells (Sensitivity) More numerous Can detect low frequencies and amplitudes Amplifies sound |
| According to the place theory of frequency coding, our perception of different pitches depends on what aspect of basilar membrane vibration? | the shape of the basilar membrane causes the maximum displacement of the membrane to occur at a location that depends on frequency Frequency coded by relative rate of firing of hair cells in dif locations along basilar membrane. Coding done in inner ear |
| According to the frequency matching theory of frequency coding, what aspect of basilar membrane vibration is responsible for our perception of pitch? | the basilar membrane acts like a microphone membrane, simply vibrating in synchrony with the stimulus. This in turn causes neural discharges that match the frequency of the stimulus |
| What phenomenon appears to rule out frequency matching? | Volley Principle |
| What is the volley principle? | the frequency code is generated by the mass action of thousands of neurons. |
| How do we actually code pitch? place coding or frequency matching? | neurons can only generate action potentials at rate of 1 kHz, or 1000/s, humans can hear frequencies up to 20 kHz. so to code, theory is we use frequency matching & place coding f>1000 Hz, frequency is place-coded f<1000 Hz, frequency matching occurs |
| The range of frequencies that will cause a change in the firing rate of an auditory receptor cell is called what? | Characteristic Frequency |
| The auditory detection threshold is independent of sound frequency. True or False? | False |
| What is the effect of adding bandpass noise to a faint signal on sensitivity to that signal? | It makes the signal more distinguishable |
| ***What is the frequency range, beyond which additional noise will not change sensitivity to a faint sound, called? | Critical band |
| What is the name of the most common scale for pitch perception? | logarithmic scale of pressure (Decibel Scale) How is this scale measured? Decibels |
| Describe the two monaural cues to spatial location discussed in class. | Loudness: All other things being equal, less intense sounds are farther away Doppler Shift: The pitch of an objects changes as it approaches and recedes |
| Describe the three binaural cues to spatial location discussed in class. | Interaural time difference, phase differences , intensity |
| In vision, there is a tradeoff between spatial acuity and sensitivity. Describe the similar tradeoff in audition. | Inner and outer hair cells have a similar tradeoff to rods and cones. Inner hair cells have higher acuity (distinguishing the sound), while outer hair cells have higher sensitivity (noticing there is a sound) |
| Melody perception is thought to reflect Gestalt organizing principles similar to those used in vision to group objects. What are they? | Proximity, similarity, common fate, figure ground organization, melodic contour |
| The experiment by Dowling & Fujitani (1971) discussed in class indicates that what aspect of melody is most important in determining recognition? | Melodic Contour |
| Absolute pitch requires musical training in childhood. True or False? | True |
| Relative pitch refers to what ability? | Recognizing different pitches |
| People with amusia also tend to have difficulties comprehending speech. True or False. | F They just have difficulty discriminating differences in sounds |
| Motion can be detected in 2 ways. What are they? | Retinal and Smooth Pursuit |
| Which of these two motion perception systems is the basis for apparent motion? | Retinal (apparent motion= movies) |
| What popular form of entertainment is based on apparent motion? | Movies |
| In apparent motion, what happens to the illusion of motion as the stimuli get further apart in space? | They look like two separate images |
| What happens as the flashes get further apart in time? | They look like two separate images |
| The smooth pursuit motion perception system relies on a corrective signal to detect motion. Why not just use the retinal motion signal, like the retinal motion system. | idk |
| What do we call the predictive/corrective signal from cerebellum that smoothes eye movement in smooth pursuit? | Corrective Signal |
| What is perceptual delay? About how long is it in the visual modality? | Delay in processing; 100 ms |
| What do we call the phenomenon that moving objects are seen slightly ahead of a static flash when they are both at the same location? | Flash-Lag Phenomenon |
| What are the three main categories of sensation from the skin? | Mechanical (touch), Thermal, and Pain |
| Touch is the perception of what physical event? What kind of energy is being transduced? | Mechanical Energy causing displacement |
| Sensitivity to touch is most commonly measured with what two techniques? | Point localization: Being able to recognize the source of stimulation on the skin Two-point detection: Being able to recognize the smallest distance between two points of stimulation on the skin |
| Our perception of heat and cold are the result of transduction of what kind of energy? What determines whether something will feel hot or cold to us? | Thermal; The speed at which the molecules more determines the temperature. Below 86℉ is cold and above 113℉. |
| What causes perceptions of pain? | A mixture of thermal and mechanical energy (extremes) |
| The region of skin that causes a change in a receptor’s firing rate is called what? | Receptive field |
| The most common type of receptor cell in the skin is called what? What kind of sensation is this cell type associated with? | Free Nerve Endings; All sensations, primarily pain |
| The term ‘mechanoreceptor’ refers to a cell that responds to what type of stimulation? | They transduce mechanical displacement of skin, AKA touch! |
| Pacinian corpuscles respond to what kind of stimulation? | Onsets and offssets of pressure, but not continuous pressure Found in hairless skin (soles, palms, lips, etc.) |
| The general term for receptors that produce pain signals is | Nociceptors |
| The specific receptor that appears to be most closely associated with pain is the | Nociceptors |
| For the most part, particular sensations (pressure, heat, pain) do not appear to be the result of specific types of receptors, but rather the ____________ of receptors that is activated by a stimulus. | Changes in mechanical displacement |
| The representation of the body in sensory cortex is called the | Sensory Homunculus |
| What 3 factors determine the intensity of heat and cold perception? | rate of energy transfer to skin, Temperature of skin, Extent of stimulation on skin |
| Taste involves the transduction of what kind of energy? | Transduced by chemoreception (chemical energy - a form of potential energy stored in molecules) |
| There are how many so-called primary tastes? What are they? | 5, sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
| There is another proposed primary taste, termed Umami, which is the taste of what common food additive? | MSG |
| The quality of a taste depends in a simple way on the molecular structure of a tasted chemical. True or False? | False |
| Although there are exceptions, carbon+water (carbohydrate) compounds usually taste __________, acidic foods generally taste __________, while basic compounds taste _______________, and alkaloid compounds taste _____________. | Sweet; sour; salty; bitter |
| Sensitivity to the primary tastes is evenly distributed across the tongue. True or false? | False |
| The basis of the distribution of sensitivity to primary tastes across the tongue is not well understood, but does not appear to be the result of specific receptors for each of the primary tastes. True or false? | We are able to discriminate a given taste from pure (tasteless) water at a (higher, lower) threshold than we are able to identify the taste. |
| Most people are most sensitive to which of the primary tastes? | Bitterness |
| Non-tasters (i.e., people who are insensitive to the primary taste that most of us are most sensitive to) tend to consume more of what popular bitter beverage? | Alcohol/coffee |
| Supertasters will likely find broccoli (________),while non-tasters typically find it (__________). | Repugnant/Delicious |
| In general, as we get older, does sensitivity to taste increase or decline? | Decline |
| After tasting one chemical repeatedly (i.e., sugar), sensitivity to that chemical declines temporarily. What is this phenomenon called? | Adaptation/after image |
| Sensitivity depends on many factors, including the temperature of the tastant. Generally, we are most sensitive to chemicals at (______) temperatures, and least sensitive to chemicals at (________) temperatures. | (moderate) (low/high) |
| After tasting one chemical that stimulates one of the primary tastes repeatedly, we also become temporarily less sensitive to other chemicals that stimulate the same primary taste (i.e., saccharine after tasting sugar). This phenomenon is called what? | Cross adaptation |
| Taste preference is the result of both biological and cultural influences. In general, pleasant tastes signal what kind of substance? Unpleasant tastes signal what kind of substance? | Sweetness = nutritional content Bitter = toxin |
| The cultural influence on taste perception is so strong that some cultures abhor sweet and crave mainly bitter foods. True or false? | False |
| Olfaction involves the transduction of what kind of energy? | Chemical energy |
| There are how many primary smells? | Too many to classify 6-10 basic or primary smells |
| Olfaction is the only sense that does not pass through what structure before being processed in neocortex? | Thalamus |
| The primary olfactory cortex is called what? | Olfactory bulb: The brain structure that processes smell |
| Which gender is more sensitive to odors? | Females more than males |
| What happens to olfactory sensitivity as we age? | It declines, we grow less sensitive in smell |
| What is the relationship between odorant concentration and perception of smell intensity? | Follows Steven’s Power Law |
| What do we call the reduction in sensitivity to an odor with prolonged exposure? | Adaptation |
| How can people who work in strongly odorous places stand to do their jobs? | People who work in strongly odorous places often fail to notice the smells in the work environment that visitors find overpowering because of adaptation. |
| The inability to smell is called | Anosmias/Anosmic |
| Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the ______________ properties of stimuli and our ________________ experience of those stimuli | physical; subjective |
| The ___________________ is the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected. | JND (just noticeable difference) |
| According to ______________, the JND increases as the intensity of the standard stimulus increases | Weber’s Law |
| Fechner conceived of the boundary between a stimulus that we can perceive and one that we cannot as a ______________, and anything below this point could not be detected or perceived | threshold |
| A psychophysicist gives a set of pre-defined intensity levels, some above, some below threshold, measures frequency of correct detection. Threshold is the point which detection is at chance, missed or detected with = probability. This is method of ______ | constant stimuli |
| A psychophysicist starts with a level of intensity below threshold, increases intensity until obs. detects stimulus. Then psychophysicist decreases intensity of stimulus until the obs. can't detect it. Threshold is the mean of these two intensities. | The method of limits |
| An obs. controls stimulus intensity, starts below threshold. Obs. increases intensity of stimulus until detectable, then decreases it until not detectable, repeats this several times. Threshold is average intensity (where intensity changes direction). | Method of adjustment |
| The units of Fechner’s psychophysical scale were | JNDs |
| According to SDT, detection performance at any intensity level is a function of the observer’s _____ and _____ | Sensitivity; Bias |
| In SDT, sensitivity is measured by ____ and bias is measured by _____ | d';β. |
| In a trial in a detection experiment, if a signal is not present, and the observer correctly reports that no signal was detected, this is a______. | correct rejection |
| If no signal is presented, but the observer reports detecting a signal, this is called a ____ | false alarm |
| If a signal is presented and the observer reports that no signal was was detected, this is a _____ | miss |
| In SDT, a liberal response criterion results in relatively high rates of hits and false alarms, while a conservative criterion results in relatively high rates of ________ and ________ | misses and correct rejections |
| Assigning a number to a standard stimulus, and asking observers to rate their subjective impression of the intensity of a comparison stimulus using that number as their guide, is a form of | direct magnitude estimation, developed by SS Stevens. |
| 1. The assumption that the dominant source of light comes from above our heads allows us to use ___________________ as a cue to depth | shading |
| The assumption that objects will be blurred, have lower contrast, and desaturated color with greater distance is referred to as ___________________ | aerial perspective |
| The assumption that higher spatial frequency corresponds to greater distance is referred to as the depth cue of ___________________ | texture gradient |
| If one object partially covers another, the principle of ___________________ will cause us to perceive the partially covered object as further away than the covering objec | interposition |
| According to the principle of ___________________, objects that are closer to the vanishing point will be perceived as further away | linear perspective |
| By the principle of ___________________, when we are in motion objects that are moving by us more quickly are seen as closer, while those moving by more slowly are seen as further away. | motion parallax |
| The idea that object recognition takes place by matching a stored retinal image to the current retinal image is called _______________, but this method of recognition is sensitive to very slight mismatches between the stored image and the current image | template matching |
| Bc of the sensitivity of template matching to slight deviations in input, a better framework for explaining object recognition is ___________________ , where the number of shared features between current input and a stored representation are computed | feature analysis |
| Biederman’s theory of _____________________________asserts that we store shape concepts called ___________________, which can be combined to form representations of complex shapes | recognition; geons |
| Doors are perceived as rectangular even though their retinal images are usually trapezoidal, because of the phenomenon of ___________________ | shape constancy |
| According to the ___________________hypothesis of the Muller-Lyer illusion, the fins on the figure are interpreted as depth cues by the brain, which then assigns the outer-fin portion greater apparent size because it is seen as further away | perceptive constancy |
| The Ponzo illusion can be explained by ______, bc the line at the top is seen as further away by the principles of linear perspective and elevation, hence because its retinal image is the same as the lower (closer) line, it must be a larger object | size constancy, |
| The time that the brain takes to process perceptual information is called the ___________________ | perceptual delay |
| According to the ___________________ hypothesis, the geometric visual illusions are caused by the brain’s attempt to compensate for perceptual d | perceptual delay. |
| The type of energy transduced in taste sensation is _________________ energy | Chemical energy |
| he four universally recognized primary tastes are ______, _________________, _________________, and _________________. The fifth, championed primarily by Asian psychophysicists and now largely excepted as a fifth primary taste, is ______________ | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
| _______ are sometimes sour. __________ are often sweet._____ are usually salty. ______ are often bitter. But these associations between chemical properties and taste are weak, so we cannot predict taste from the chemical structure of new compound | acids; carbohydrates; bases; alkaloids |
| Chemoreceptors for taste are called _________________, located on the _________________ of the tongue and throughout the mouth | taste buds, papillae |
| Some ----- respond best to a single one of the primary tastes, but still respond vigorously to other primary tastes. Therefore, taste coding cannot be done by the identity of activated cells, as color is coded in vision by different types of cones. | taste cells |
| Most people have their maximum sensitivity to the____ primary taste, but about 1 out of every 3 ppl cannot sense this taste at all. Sensitivity appears to be a function of the number of _________________ (or taste buds) on the tongue and in the mouth | bitter, papillae |
| Those who can taste bitter exceptionally well are called _________________, those who can taste it normally are called _________________, and those who cannot sense bitter are called _________________ | supertasters, tasters, nontasters |
| Two socially and economically important bitter chemicals are______ and____________. Tasters & supertasters have been shown to drink less _______ than nontasters, indicating that the inability to sense bitterness may be a risk factor for alcoholism | caffeine, alcohol, alcohol |
| Taste thresholds are affected by_______ of food, _____ on the tongue, the ______ state of the mouth, the ___________ state and motivational state of the taster, and the relative concentration of the tastant compared to other chemicals in a substance | temperature; location; the chemical state; homeostatic state; |
| Pure water has no taste, but after adaptation to bitter, pure water can taste sweet. After adaptation to sweet, pure water can taste sour and bitter. This is an example of a taste ____________ | |
| After adapting to a sweet chemical like common table sugar (sucrose), other sweet chemicals will taste less sweet. This is an example of _____________ | |
| The amount of food with a particular primary taste that an animal will choose to ingest, relative to other available foods with different tastes, is called _________________ . It is affected by _________________ state, _________________ , and __________ | |
| According to ___, a particular taste is the result of the combined firing rates of several different types of receptors, while the___ asserts that despite lack of receptor specificity, a particular taste is due to specific receptor cells that are firing | cross-fiber patterning theory; labeled-line hypothesis |
| The smallest possible amount of light is a | photon |
| The motion of molecules is | thermal energy |
| Light is what? | electromagnetic radiation |
| A neuroscientist finds a neuron that signals about 200 other neurons. This neuron has | divergent connectivity |
| Psychophysics is | B. the relationship between physical properties and subjective experience |
| In Fechner's classic psychophysical theory, the detection of faint signals is determined by | A. whether the signal is above or below an absolute threshold of perception |
| In signal detection theory, the detection of faint signals is determined by | B. the sensitivity and bias of the observer |
| Know ROC curve appearance - Which one represents a higher value of d' ? etc Which one represents greater sensitivity (detectability)? | ROC curves |
| The human eye transduces | electromagnatic radiation from visible wavelengths |
| Transduction of light is carried out in the | retina |
| Transduction of light is carried out by | both rods and cones |
| The rods are mainly involved in | scotopic vision |
| the rods | require very little light to activate bipolar cells |
| The cones are mainly involved in | photopic vision |
| The cones | require intense light to activate bipolar cells |
| rods are found mainly in | periphery |
| cones are found mainly in | fovea |
| In situations of relatively high intensity illumination (i.e., outdoors on a sunny day), we use | photopic |
| Photopic vision has ____________________, while scotopic vision has _________________. | high acuity : high sensitivity |
| The greater acuity of foveal vision is due to | the 1-1 connectivity between cones and bipolar cells |
| The greater sensitivity of peripheral vision is due to | the convergent connectivity between rods and bipolar cells |
| The part of the visual field that causes a change in the firing rate of a neuron is that neuron's | receptive field |
| Patient DB reports that he cannot see anything in his right visual field following a stroke. Nevertheless, he can point to objects in his right visual field, and discriminate the direction of moving objects in this field. His condition is known as | blindsight |
| As we get older, we can expect to experience presbyopia, which means that | the lens will become less flexible, so the near point gets further away |
| Information from adjacent points in the visual field is represented by adjacent points on the retina, and this architecture is maintained by LGN and V1. This architecture is known as a | retinotopy |
| If an image is stabilized on the retina, the retinal neurons stop responding to the image because neurons respond primarily to change. The reason that our visual world does not disappear when we fixate on an object is that | the microsaccade eye movement system generates imperceptible saccades that change the retinal image, even when we fixate |
| A neurologist tests a patient with complaints of dizziness by having the patient follow a pen with his eyes as the dr moves the pen back and forth. The patient's eyes jerk from one point to another along the pen's path. problem? | smooth pursuit |
| The type of acuity typically measured during a standard eye exam with a chart of letters is | recognition acuity |
| know contrast acuity | know contrast acuity |
| A patient presents to a neurologist complaining that she has lost vision on the left side. An ophthalmologist has examined her eyes and they are normal. Most likely this patient has | post-chiasmal lesion |
| measuring action potentials in neurons in visual area V2 find at 20 ° of angle above the horizontal meridian one of the neurons responds to a bar of light. If V2 is organized as a retinotopy, how find a cell that responds above 21° the horizontal meridian | She could test the neurons right next to the one she has identified, as they are most likely to respond to nearby parts of the visual field. |
| For the neuron she has identified as responding to the visual field 20 degrees above the meridian, that location is the neuron's | receptive field |
| This neuron responds to light from both eyes, but most strongly from light stimulating the left eye, so this neuron has left ________________. | ocular dominance |
| The following two questions refer to the image above. This image might be perceived as a pair of glasses, with an odd black square. The black square seems out of place because of the Gestalt principle(s) of | glasses picture - similarity |
| The percept that the two circles belong to the same object is supported by the Gestalt principle(s) of | connectedness, similarity, and symmetry |
| Amanda watches an airplane take off from the airport. As the plane flies away, she perceives its size to remain the same even though the retinal image of the airplane is shrinking because of | size constancy |
| Filmore recently had eye surgery and has to wear a patch over one eye for about a month. During that time, Filmore will still be able to use which of the following depth cues? | texture gradient |
| our perception is | adaptive |
| Consistent with _____________ theory of vision, there are ____________ types of cone. | trichromatic : 3 |
| The fact that any visible color can be created by a mix of three pure colors, so long as none of the three can be made by mixing the other two, is explained by the ___________ theory of vision. | trichromatic |
| The fact that the afterimage of blue is always yellow (and vice versa) and the afterimage of green is always red (and vice versa) is explained by the _____________ theory of color vision. | opponent process |
| All layers of the visual system that respond to color are consistent with an opponent process, starting with the ________________. | bipolar cells |
| A cell is found in visual area V4 that responds to the color yellow in its receptive field by increasing its firing rate. Which of the following can be predicted from opponent process theory? | The cell will decrease its firing rate to blue in its receptive field. The cell will not change its firing rate if red is in its receptive field. The cell will not change its firing rate to green in its receptive field. |
| The three parameters of color perception are | brightness, saturation, and hue. |
| Perception of hue is most related to what physical property of light? | frequency or wavelength |
| Perception of brightness is most related to what physical property of light? | flux |
| Perception of motion caused by sequential stimulation of retinal recetors (rods and cones) is handled by the | retinal motion detection system |
| Perception of motion of an object that is being tracked by the eyes is handled by the | smooth pursuit motion detection system |
| From the time our receptors transduce energy to the time our brains process the information contained in that energy is termed the | perceptual delay |
| Suppose the radiologist knows that X-rays of livers have a d' of 2.1 for cancer, and MRIs have a d' of 3.7 for cancers. What does this imply? | The radiologist should trust MRIs more because MRIs are more sensitive to cancer. |
| Dr tests pt. w brain dmg to the posterior parietal lobe. dr presents pinpoints of light, at several locations in visual field, calculates d' values based on pts hits/false alarms at each location. d' values are higher in the periphery than fovea | This is normal - peripheral vision is more sensitive than foveal vision. |
| Illusions are important in the study of perception because they | reveal assumptions the mind/brain is making to resolve inverse problems. |
| The perception of sound is caused by the transduction of ______________ energy. | mechanical energy |
| The perception of loudness is most closely associated with the physical property of | amplitude (pressure) |
| The perception of pitch is most closely associated with the physical property of | frequency |
| The cells that transduce sound waves into action potentials are | hair cells |
| The ____________ transduce a wide range of frequencies. | inner hair cells |
| The __________________ transduce low-frequency, low-amplitude sound waves | outer hair cells |
| A scientist measures the response of a hair cell to a range of frequencies, and notes that the hair cell changes its firing rate with the lowest input amplitude at 3 kHz. 3 kHz would be that hair cell's | characteristic frequency |
| Kalinda is walking near a railroad track when she hears a train whistle. As she listens, the pitch of the train whistle increases in frequency, indicating that the train is approaching because of the | Doppler shift |
| Cochlear implants artificially stimulate the basilar membrane of inner ear. they are shorter than the basilar membrane itself. According to the place theory of pitch coding, this should cause a restriction in the range of ___ that can be perceived. | pitch |
| The sensation of touch is the result of transduction of | mechanical energy |
| The sensation of pain is the result of transduction of _________ at extreme intensities | thermal energy and mechanical energy |
| UFC fighter Chris Weidman broke his leg in a match with Uriah Hall on Saturday, 4/24/2021, and was apparently in severe pain due to signals from _____________ in his leg that conveyed information to his brain about tissue damage. | nociceptors |
| dr is testing a pt w burns to their left arm/hand. W the pt looking away, dr touches patient with 1 or 2 pens asks pt to say if they feel 1 or 2 touches. dr determines how far apart 2 touches must be to distinguish from 1 touch. Dr. is measuring the pts | two-point touch sensitivity |
| Pain from a broken leg would be an example of the transduction of _____________ energy at extreme intensity. | mechanical energy |
| The region of skin that causes a change in the firing rate of a receptor cell is that cell's | receptive field |
| According to Ramachandran's theory of phantom limb pain, pain from an amputated limb is caused by invasion by cortical projections that are adjacent to the amputated limb representation in the somatosensory | homunculus |
| Taste preference depends on | culture, homeostatic state, and genotype |
| Our perception of taste is built up from _____ primary tastes. | 5 |
| Although chemical composition is not a perfect predictor of taste, generally acids will taste | sour |
| Although chemical composition is not a perfect predictor of taste, generally alkaloids will taste | bitter |
| Although chemical composition is not a perfect predictor of taste, generally bases will taste | salty |
| Although chemical composition is not a perfect predictor of taste, generally carbohydrates will taste | sweet |
| The next two questions refer to this scenario: Barry finds the taste of certain vegetables, such as broccoli, absolutely terrible. Barry is also likely to dislike the taste of____; Most likely, Barry is ____ | black coffee; very sensitive to bitter compounds |
| Melinda sweetens her coffee to taste with saccharine, has a few sips, then eats a sweet apple pie for dessert. After the pie, she takes a sip of the coffee, but now it tastes bitter. This is most likely the result of | cross-adaptation between the sugar in the pie and the saccharine in the coffee |
| When driving through Artesia, NM, tourists often experience discomfort because of the smell of the oil refineries in the area, which emit an odor reminiscent of dead bodies. Residents of Artesia rarely complain, however, likely because they are | adapted |
| A patient is evaluated for neurological dysfunction because they cannot smell cinnamon anymore. Given this information, we can confidently predict | nothing. There are dozens of anosmias, with no apparent systematic relationship to any primary smells |
| A stroke has left patient DB unable to smell, despite having a normal nose and olfactory receptors. Most like the ___________ has been damaged by the stroke. | olfactory bulb |
| Our perception is the result of | both information from the environment and assumptions our mind/brain makes about the environment |
| The two main theories of how pitch is coded are the ___________ and __________ theories. | place coding : frequency matching |
| The analog (compariable concept) in audition to a visual receptive field is the | characteristic frequency |
| The quietest (lowest amplitude) sound that can be detected depends on | frequency |
| The portion of the sound frequency spectrum that can mask a pure tone (lower its detectability) is the | critical band |
| Auditory loudness is measured in units of decibels, which is a(n) ______________ scale. | logorithmic |
| A percept of motion can be created by two different perceptual systems, called the __________ motion system and the __________________ motion system. | retinal : smooth pursuit |
| Stimuli used to investigate motion are so weird because of the many _________________ that are necessary to create motion percepts. | confounding variables |
| The sequential stimulation of adjacent light-sensitive cells causes a motion percept in the _____________ motion perception system. | retinal |
| The illusion that makes movies possible is ______________________. | apparent motion |
| Apparent motion is created by the _________________ motion perception system. | retinal |
| When tracking an object with our eyes, the perception of the object's motion is handled by the _________________ motion perception system. | smooth pursuit |
| During object tracking, retinal motion signals will be created by static features in visual field. To keep from seeing these still features as moving, the ____ motion perception system uses a prediction from cerebellum to cancel out retinal motion signal | smooth pursuit |
| Information about self-motion, direction of self-motion, and speed of self-motion, are provided by a retinal motion signal called | optical flow |
| The tendency to perceive a moving object as slightly further along its path than it actually is is called the | flash lag effect |
| The ________________ is the location in the visual field that has the highest rate of expansion (increase in size) and indicates the direction of self motion in optical flow. | FOE Focus Of Expansion |
| Attention; What is attention? | The selective filtering and amplification of information for further processing by a limited information processing system |
| Attention might work by reducing the input intensity of irrelevant stimuli. This process is called what? | Filtering |
| Attention might work by boosting the input intensity of relevant information. This process is called What? | Amplification |
| The previous two processes are summarized by what concept? | Gain/ Gain control Output = (Constant)* (input) If the constant is less than 1 the output is smaller than the input = filtering If the constant is greater than 1 the output is smaller than the input = amplification |
| What is the orienting response (OR)? Know its components and what kind of information causes it. | Body moves receptors (eyes or ears) to location of change. during process of selection we give attn to things that change suddenly (usually associated w danger) includes habituation/sensitization after repetition. Heart rate slows/ sweat/oil increases |
| How does Sokolov explain the OR? What does his theory say about a decrement (decrease) in the intensity of a stimulus? | We represent our current situations with mental models, then compare mental models to the current input. If it’s different the OR started. We detect a decrement as a discrepancy in the mental model so there's still an OR |
| What does the Thompson dual-process model of orienting predict in the case of a decrement in stimulus intensity? | When there's a decrement transduction in organs (eyes,ears) decreases leading to decrease in firing rate and thus less input in arousal neurons so there's no OR |
| What is the startle reflex? What causes it? How is it similar to the OR? How is it different? | If the sudden change in the environment is very intense instead of OR you have a startle reflex Both are automatic and rapid physiological responses to a stimulus Instead of moving to look at the stimulus our body moves to protect ourselves/organs |
| What is pre-pulse inhibition? | If you have a warning of the sudden intense change that would cause a startle reflex you can reduce it. |
| What is dichotic listening? | observer gets two voice lines (auditory streams) one in each headphone. |
| According to Broadbent’s filter theory of attention, what information from the unattended channel gets processed in working memory? | None of it There is limited capacity (remember the 7 chunks) in the working memory so only attended channels are proceeded |
| According to Treisman’s attenuation theory of attention, what information from an unattended channel will get processed in working memory? | Observers aren’t completely filtering out unattended messages some meaning (thats relevant) gets through |
| According to late selection theories, what information from unattended channels gets processed in working memory? | Isnt that we lack the ability to perceive different messages but we lack the ability to say both at once. You can perceive both but by the time you have said the first message you have already forgotten the other |
| According to Neisser, does selection occur at an early or a late stage of processing? | Both Early: accounting for poor memory of unshadowed messages Late: accounting for occasional successful recognition of unshadowed content |
| According to the spotlight model of visual attention, what is the nature of the attended area of the visual field? | Roughly circular shaped location is attenuated, and any information coming for the attended area is processed more efficiently than info following outside of the spotlight Info must be attenuated before it can be processed and responded to |
| What are the 3 operations of the attentional spotlight, according to Posner’s model? | Disengaged → Moved → Engage Disengage: must stop focusing on one to attenuate to another Move: spotlight must be moved across the visual field Engage: once at the target location, spotlight must be focus at new location to start attenuating |
| Why is a cost to an invalid cue important in testing the spotlight model against competing models of attention? | Invalid cues should result in a longer response time to the target than a valid or neutral cue Indicates that response time depends on prior attention to info |
| According to the spotlight model of attention, what is the basis of visual information selection? (i.e., is it space-based or object-based?). | Space-based |
| Does visual attention select information based on spatial location or object identity? | Both |
| What are the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention? | Exogenous (involuntary): a flash of light at the probable location, exogenous because it CAPTURES attention: sudden change Endogenous (voluntary): symbolic content, like an arrow or random shape that predicts target location |
| According to the study by Ling & Carrasco, do endogenous and exogenous attention operate via the same mechanism? | Different mechanisms than voluntary allocated attention |
| What effect does attention have on sensitivity to visual stimuli? | Attention to a location decreases sensitivity to an unattended location Attention to a location does NOT increase sensitivity to an attended location |
| What is the binding problem? | Uncertainty how different information features “bind” into the percept of a single object |
| What does feature integration theory say about object binding? | We look at the area of our visual field that the feature is in. At which our attention acts as “glue” that binds features into percepts of objects. |
| What is an illusory conjunction? | If attention is needed to correctly bind features then things outside of the attending area should be incorrectly bound |
| Under what circumstances do illusory conjunctions most often occur? | Visual stimuli when the color of one form can be attributed to a different form |
| What is the Stroop effect? | A phenomenon that demonstrates the interference of automatic processing in reading with intentional color naming and the failure of attentional filter. There is a conflict between meaning of word and color the word is written in. Ex) BLUE YELLOW PURPLE |
| What is it taken as evidence of? | It shows the concept of automatic processing and the failure of the attentional filter. Behavioral evidence shows people show a longer response time when asked to name the ink color of a word. |
| Time Perception; What form of energy is transduced in time perception? | There is none Time is not a form of energy |
| Describe the relationship between body temperature and time perception. | As body temperature increases our perception/estimate of a time interval is shorter which means we are overestimating the interval. |
| What is meant by a filled interval? What is meant by an empty interval? | Filled interval: The observer is given other tasks during the interval Empty interval: The only task is to estimate the interval |
| According to cognitive activity theories of time perception, which is perceived as longer, filled or empty intervals? | Filled intervals |
| According to attentional theories of time perception, which is perceived as longer, filled or empty Intervals? | Empty intervals |
| Cognitive activity and attentional theories of time perception contradict each other, but there are empirical observations that are consistent with both types of theory. How can we reconcile the two types of theory? | Retrospective Observers are not told to keep time as they complete tasks The observers have to look back to time the interval so they typically judge it by the amount of tasks they had to do. |
| Prospective | Observers are told to keep time as they complete tasks. When nothing happens the internal clock ticks but when attention is taken the clock stops keeping time. Low number of ticks (due to more tasks stopping clock) = estimating time interval as shorter |
| What are the components of the internal clock, according to Scalar Expectancy Theory? | Accumulator: Gate Internal pulse generator Stimulus Comparator |
| Sensory integration-What are the 3 stages of perceptual integration? | Analysis → Integration → Decision Analysis: stimulus features extracted Integration: analyzed features are somehow combined into meaningful percepts Decision: Percept mapped to a behavioral response |
| What are the three models of sensory integration discussed in lecture? | Bayesian FLMP (Fuzz Logic Model of Perception) Signal Detection |
| What is the relationship between Bayesian integration and FLMP? | Identical? |
| What is the algorithm of integration according to FLMP? What does it mean? | FLMP assumes algorithm of integration is independent of sensory modality “Algorithm is the same regardless of integrating two of the same modalities or one of one and one of another” Ex: Two auditory features OR One auditory and One visual |
| The theory that taste perception results from the combined firing rates of different receptors is the _______________ theory. | cross-fiber patterning |
| Taste detection thresholds are influenced by | location on the tongue, temperature, the chemical state of the mouth,the homeostatic state of the taster |
| Attention involves _______________ relevant information and ____________________ irrelevant information. | amplifying : filtering |
| Sudden changes of moderate intensity cause a(n) | orienting response. |
| An increase in the amplitude of response to a repeated stimulus is called ________________, while a decrease in the response to a repeated stimulus is called _____________. | sensitization : habituation |
| The experimental procedure in which an observer listens to two different auditory messages, each delivered to a different ear, is | dichotic listening |
| The task in which an observer repeats the message delivered to one ear while ignoring the message from the other ear is | shadowing |
| In the Posner visual attention task, __________ cues tell the observer where a target will occur, while ____________ cues misdirect them to the wrong location. | valid : invalid |
| According to Posner's spotlight model of visual attention, the three computations necessary to shift attention to a new location are | disengage : move : engage |
| ___________________ attention is under the control of an observer in response to symbolic cues about spatial location, while __________________ attention is reflexive in response to sudden changes in intensity. | voluntary : involuntary, endogenous : exogenous, sustained : transient |
| An _________________ occurs when features such as color, shape, and location are incorrectly combined in our minds (for example, seeing a green letter T in a field of letters where there are actually no green Ts, only green Ys and yellow Ts). | illusory conjunction |
| As body temperature increases, our estimates of a duration (for example, 1 minute) get _____________, indicating an _______________ of the passage of time. | shorter : overestimation |
| According to cognitive theories of time perception, filled intervals (meaning periods of time with many stimuli) are perceived as _______________ than empty intervals because we use the number of cognitive operations as an internal clock. | longer |
| According to attentional theories of time perception, filled intervals are perceived as ___________________ than empty intervals because they take attention away from the internal clock. | shorter |
| The contradiction between cognitive and attentional theories of time perception appears to be the type of task: _______________ timing is consistent with attentional theories while ____________________ timing is consistent with cognitive theories. | prospective : retrospective |
| According to Scalar Expectancy Theory, our internal clock consists of a(n) _______________ and a(n) ____________________. | pulse generator : accumulator. |
| In Scalar Expectancy Theory, stimulus events that signal the beginning of a time interval that needs to be timed cause a __________ to close to allow the accumulation of pulses. | gate |
| According to Scalar Expectancy Theory, the long-term memory representation of an interval consists of | exemplars (memory traces of each instance) of the interval that we have experienced. |
| Scalar Expectancy Theory explains the scalar property of timing, which is the phenomenon that as intervals of time increase, our estimates of those intervals become | more variable |
| According to Scalar Expectancy Theory, when we time an interval (for example, try to reproduce one minute without a stopwatch), we compare the current interval of time to a memory representation of that interval in a(n) | comparator |
| The energy that is transduced in time perception is | nothing. none. |
| spotlight model of attention | Space-based |
| Does visual attention select information based on spatial location or object identity? | Both |
| What are the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention? | Exogenous (involuntary): a flash of light at the probable location, exogenous because it CAPTURES attention: sudden change Endogenous (voluntary): symbolic content, like an arrow or random shape that predicts target location |
| According to the study by Ling & Carrasco, do endogenous and exogenous attention operate via the same mechanism? | Different mechanisms than voluntary allocated attention |
| What effect does attention have on sensitivity to visual stimuli? | Attention to a location decreases sensitivity to an unattended location Attention to a location does NOT increase sensitivity to an attended location |
| What does feature integration theory say about object binding? | We look at the area of our visual field that the feature is in. At which our attention acts as “glue” that binds features into percepts of objects. |
| What is the binding problem? | Uncertainty how different information features “bind” into the percept of a single object |
| What is an illusory conjunction? | If attention is needed to correctly bind features then things outside of the attending area should be incorrectly bound |
| Under what circumstances do illusory conjunctions most often occur? | Visual stimuli when the color of one form can be attributed to a different form |
| What is the Stroop effect? | A phenomenon that demonstrates the interference of automatic processing in reading with intentional color naming and the failure of attentional filter. There is a conflict between meaning of word and color the word is written in. |
| What is stroop taken as evidence of? | It shows the concept of automatic processing and the failure of the attentional filter. Behavioral evidence shows people show a longer response time when asked to name the ink color of a word |
| Filled interval: | The observer is given other tasks during the interval |
| Empty interval: | The only task is to estimate the interval |
| According to cognitive activity theories of time perception, which is perceived as longer, filled or empty intervals? | Filled intervals |
| According to attentional theories of time perception, which is perceived as longer, filled or empty Intervals? | Empty intervals |
| Cognitive activity and attentional theories of time perception contradict each other, but there are empirical observations that are consistent with both types of theory. How can we reconcile the two types of theory? | Retrospective Observers are not told to keep time as they complete tasks The observers have to look back to time the interval so they typically judge it by the amount of tasks they had to do. |
| Prospective | Observers are told to keep time. When nothing happens the internal clock ticks but when attention is taken (tasks being done) the clock stops keeping time. Low number of ticks (due to more tasks stopping clock) = estimating time interval as shorter |
| What are the components of the internal clock, according to Scalar Expectancy Theory? | Accumulator: Gate Internal pulse generator Stimulus Comparator |
| What are the 3 stages of perceptual integration? | Analysis → Integration → Decision |
| perceptual integration | Analysis: stimulus features extracted Integration: analyzed features are somehow combined into meaningful percepts Decision: Percept mapped to a behavioral response |
| What are the three models of sensory integration discussed in lecture? | Bayesian FLMP (Fuzzy Logic Model of Perception) Signal Detection |
| What is the relationship between Bayesian integration and FLMP? | They’re identical |
| What is the algorithm of integration according to FLMP? What does it mean? | FLMP assumes algorithm of integration is independent of sensory modality “Algorithm is the same regardless of integrating two of the same modalities or one of one and one of another” Ex: Two auditory features OR One auditory and One visual |
Created by:
cmartel1