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Psyc 201 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How do you choose your measures? | operational definition, tradition, theory, new techniques |
| Types of Measures | self-report, behavioral/observational, physiological, implicit measures |
| Choosing your measures: Considerations | Types of measures, sensitivity of measure(ceiling effect and floor effect), multiple measures, cost of measures, ethics |
| 4 Scales of Measurement | Categorical: nominal Quantitative: ordinal, interval, ratio |
| Nominal Measurement | no numerical or quantitative properties levels represent different categories/groups Ex. diagnostic categories, telephone numbers, jersey numbers |
| Ordinal Measurement | order the levels from lowest to highest Ex. class standings, soccer rankings |
| Interval Measurement | intervals between levels are equal in size can be summarized using means no absolute zero Ex. temperature, IQ, rating scale |
| Ratio Measurement | equal intervals absolute zero can be summarized using means Ex. length, reaction time |
| 2 Important Considerations | reliability and validity |
| Reliability focuses on ______ and validity focuses on _______ | consistency, accuracy |
| Different Types of Reliability | Test-retest, parallel-forms, split-half, inter-rater, internal |
| Test-Retest Reliability | whole measures test a measure, then you go back later and retest |
| Parallel-Forms Reliability | whole measures give a measure, go back to retest but with a similar measure |
| Split-half Reliability | whole measures parallel forms testing, but given at the same time |
| Inter-rater Reliability | used for behavioral and observational testing |
| Internal reliability | looked at for a single measure Ex, consistency among survey questions |
| Additional Controls | Participant Expectations(placebo effect and social desirability bias) Demand characteristics Experimenter Expectations |
| Why descriptive statistics? | to interpret data to evaluate statistical validity |
| Graphing | Pie Chart, Bar Graph, Histogram, Line graph |
| Descriptive Stat: Control Tendency | nominal - mode ordinal - mode and median interval/ratio - mode, median, and mean |
| Variability | amount of spread in the distribution of scores |
| Variance | 4 steps 1. subtract each score from the mean(deviations) 2. square each of these values(squared deviations) 3. add up all of those 4. divide by your sample minus 1 |
| Responses to Questions | Closed-ended vs Open-ended Rating scales Funneling |
| Population vs Sample | population is the group you wish to study sample is the representative group you desire data from |
| Types of Samples | Random vs Nonrandom sampling also known as probability vs nonprobability sampling |
| Simple Random Sampling | drawing out of a hat/number generator |
| Systematic sampling | Ex. every 5th person takes the survey |
| Stratified random sampling | divide sample into representative groups, then random sample them |
| Which type of Sampling is most used? | Nonrandom 99% |
| Convenience Sampling | using most convenient options/groups most used |
| Quota Sampling | nonrandom version of stratified |
| Snowball Sampling | travels by word of mouth |
| Disadvantages of Association Claims | directionality problem third variable problem correlation does not equal causation |
| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) definition | a number that tells us how strong 2 variables correlate |
| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) | ranges from -1.0 to 1.0 effect size |
| What is considered a strong, moderate, or weak correlation? | > .50 equals strong <.10 equals weak |
| Causality Review | temporal precedence covariation of cause and effect elimination of alternative explanations |
| Assumptions of Survey Research | individuals are able and willing to respond truthfully and accurately |
| What questions and phrases should you avoid in surveys? | double-barreled questions loaded/leading questions negative wording |
| To gauge students' interest in music, she gives them a survey that asks them about the type of music they listen to, the frequency of listening, and their overall interest in the music. What measurement type is the researcher using? | self-report |
| To study the effects of waste accumulation, a researcher sends a team of research assistants to walk around town and weigh the amount of trash in the trash cans throughout the city. This is an example of which type of measurement? | behavioral/observational |
| If you wanted to measure the effect of stress on people's heart rate, which of the following would be the BEST type of measurement for measuring heart rate? | physiological |
| You are taking a survey and are asked to identify your preference for sandwiches. The options are: peanut butter and jelly, turkey, or veggie. This question is an example of which scale of measurement? | nominal |
| If you are measuring the weight of trash in trash cans, you are using a ___________ scale of measurement. | ratio |
| Dr. Valencia created a survey to measure perfectionism. However, she is concerned whether it truly measures perfectionism or if it measures some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale’s ____________. | validity |
| To determine the consistency of the measure, Dr. Nadeem gives her survey to a group of participants and then two week's later, she gives the same group her survey again. This is an example of ____________. | Test-retest reliability |
| Perhaps our most "rough and dirty" test of validity is __________ validity in which we determine if a measure seems to match our operational definition. | face |
| One way to determine the validity of a measure is to compare it to other similar measures that study the same variable/construct. This is called: | convergent validity |
| You are trying to determine if your measure of depression has validity. You are unable to compare it to existing measures, but you do have the opportunity to compare it to people's requests for anti-depressants. You are relying on what form of validity? | criterion validity |
| Which of the following questions would be a good open-ended question for asking people about their political views? | Please describe some of your current political beliefs. |
| Which of the following is a good example of a double-barreled question? a.Do you like music? b.Do you like to read at night? c.Do you like riding a bike and skateboarding? d.Do you like to cook? | c.Do you like riding a bike and skateboarding? |
| You are reviewing the data from your survey and you notice that one person seemed to have put a 7 (the highest possible score) for every single item. This is an example of: | Acquiescence |
| Sometimes when we are doing observational studies, we are worried about the effect that simply watching people can have on their behavior (i.e. they may act in different ways). In this case, we are worried about ________________. | Reactivity |
| You are interested in studying how fatigue affects road rage in US drivers. Which of the following would most likely be considered your population? | All US citizens with a driver's license |
| Which of the following terms is NOT synonymous with the others? In other words, one of these things is not like the others...which is it? | Biased sample |
| Quota sampling, a nonrandom sampling technique, is most similar to which of the following random sampling techniques? | Stratified random sampling |
| You are trying to collect participants for a study on the effects of a new drug treatment on symptoms of PTSD. You reach out to therapists and ask them to share information about your study with potential clients. What type of sampling did you use? | Convenience sampling |
| One concern we have about our samples is who chooses to participate in a study. Particularly when we use convenience sampling, we open our study to this potential weakness. The term for this is: | self-selection |
| Your textbook describes a bivariate correlation. Which of the following are TRUE of a bivariate correlation? | It describes the relationship or association between variables. |
| You run a correlation between one's self-reported happiness and the number of times that they smile (during a 5-minute period), and get a correlation of r = .67. Based on this information, what type of effect size did you find? | strong |
| Which of the following statements about effect size for correlations is TRUE? | Generally, the larger the effect size, the more accurate our prediction about the relationship. |
| You run a correlation between the frequency with which people wash their hands and their likelihood of getting sick and get the following result: r = -.78, p = .03. Based on this information, which of the following statements is TRUE? | We have about a 3% chance that this finding was made in error. |
| A/an ____________ is an extreme score. | outlier |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE of restriction of range? | It can underestimate the true correlation. |
| Chapter 8 reviews the three criteria needed to establish a causal claim. Correlational studies FAIL to meet which of the three: | Internal validity |
| You are reading an abstract says that children who develop a secure attachment with their parents are more likely to have good social relationships later. Which correlation coefficients would you expect to find in the results section of their paper? | r = .88 |
| A study found that people who like spicy foods are generally more risk takers. Which of the following questions interrogates the construct validity of this correlation? | How well did they measure each variable, risk taking and liking spicy foods? |
Created by:
bri.bitz