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Corectec RadBio/Prot
Radiation Biology and Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary purpose of beam filtration? | Protect the patient from LOW energy x-rays |
| Patient dose during Fluoroscopy can be minimized by which of the following? 1. Decrease tube to tower distance 2. Restrict beam size 3. Increase Fluoroscopy milliamperage | Restrict beam size only |
| Which of the following radiographic techniques will provide the least amount of exposure to the patient? 400 mAs, 60 kVp 200 mAs, 70 kVp 100 mAs, 80 kVp 50 mAs, 92 kVp | 50 mAs, 92 kVp |
| What is the dose equivalent limits for a non-radiation worker? | 5.0 mSv (.5 rem/year) |
| Which of the following will not have an effect on patient dose? Filtration Sid Focal spot size kVp | Focal spot size |
| The function of a beam filter is to remove which of the following from the beam? Secondary radiation Scatter radiation Low energy radiation High energy radiation | Low energy radiation |
| When should gonadal shielding be used on a patient? If the patient is of a reproductive age or younger If the shield will not interfere with the exam If the gonads lie in or near the primary beam | All 3 |
| Which of the following will not reduce the amount of exposure to the patient? High ratio grid Proper collimation Beam filtration Use of intensifying screens | High ratio grid |
| Which of the following are features of fluoroscopy that are designed to reduce unnecessary radiation to the patient? Collimation Protective lead curtain Deadman switch | 1 & 3 only |
| Which of the following radiographic procedures will require gonadal shielding? Chest Knee Unilateral hip Skull series | Unilateral hip |
| Which type of shielding could be used for a patient having an exam requiring a sterile field? | Shadow shield |
| The 10 day rule applied to which of the following patient types? Pediatrics Geriatric Females of reproductive age Males of a reproductive age | Females of a reproductive age |
| Which of the following will reduce exposure to the patient as well as improve radiographic contrast? Beam restriction Increase screen speed Highest recommended developer temp | 1 & 3 only |
| According to the 10-day rule, when is it safe to radiograph a female? | 10 days after the onset of the menstrual cycle |
| Which of the following is not an important factor when attempting to reduce patient exposure? | Use highest possible mAs |
| Which of the following examinations would not allow male gonadal shielding? | Voiding cystourethrogram |
| A .5 mm lead gonadal shield will reduce the female gonadal exposure by approximately what percentage? | 75% |
| The dose rate at the table top during fluoroscopy cannot exceed ______R per minute. | 10 |
| Which of the following situations would cause the greatest skin dose to the patient? Short SID Long SID Small focal spot Highest practical kilovoltage | Short SID |
| The source to skin distance for stationary fluoroscopy must not be less than which of the following? | 15 inches |
| When using a mobile radiographic equipment, the source to skin distance cannot be less than what? | 12 inches |
| A fetus is most vulnerable to radiation during which of the following time periods? | First trimester |
| Which of the following are things a radiographer should do in order to avoid unnecessary patient exposure? Avoid retaking x-rays Use high speed screens Keep equipment in good working order | All 3 |
| What is the name of the filtration that is a permanent part of the x-ray tube head? | Inherent filtration |
| Which of the following types of beam restricting devices is considered the best at reducing patient exposure? | Extension cylinder |
| How will beam filtration effect the primary beam? | make it more homogenous |
| To prevent leakage radiation from exposing the patient, an x-ray tube must have how much protective lead? | 1.5 mm |
| When using over 70 kvp, the total beam filtration must be how much? | 2.5 mm AL |
| Which of the following effects will result from precise collimation? Less biological tissue is exposed Less scatter radiation is produced Radiographic quality is improved | All 3 |
| How can a fast film screen combination reduce patient exposure? | Allows for a reduction in mAs |
| What is the dose equivalent limits for a pregnant female patient? | 5 mSv (.5 rem) |
| Which of the following has the greatest effect on the amount of radiation exposure to the patient? Focal spot size SID Size of exposed area Type of grid (Linear or cross hatch) | Size of exposed area |
| Which of the following are disadvantages of using a flat piece of lead for gonadal shielding? Cannot be used for erect views Difficult to keep in place Is not very useful for fluoroscopy | All 3 |
| Which of the following types of equipment could have a great effect on reducing population exposure? | Automatic exposure control (AEC) |
| Which of the following methods is used to determine if an xray tube has adequate filtration? | Half-value layer measurement |
| If 2 mm AL is added to the xray beam that has a HVL of 2 mm AL, how much will the exposure be reduced? | 50% |
| What percentage of the total amount of radiation to the general public is due to medical and dental x-rays? | 50% (RadReview States it is 90%) |
| Which of the following is a means of expressing the dose a patient has received from a radiographic examination? Skin dose Organ dose Whole body dose | All 3 |
| Which of the following factors will affect the QUANTITY as well as the QUALITY of the xray beam? kVp HVL SID | All 3 |
| Which of the following are reasons for using beam restricting devices? Reduce scatter radiation Reduce patient exposure improve radiographic contrast | All 3 |
| The quality of an xray beam can be measured by which of the following methods? Rate meter Sensitometry half value layer | Half value layer |
| Which of the following could result from excessive radiation exposure to a fetus during the first trimester? Prenatal death Neonatal death Congential abnormalities | All 3 |
| How far must a radiographer stand back during a mobile exposure? | 2 meters |
| Personnel monitoring devices are used for which of the following reasons? Because it is a requirement To assure workers receive less than the dose equivalent limit To check radiation safety practices | All 3 |
| Which of the following is the best protection from radiation? Lead glass Lead shield Lead apron Distance | Distance |
| What is the dose equivalent limits for the hands of a xray tech? | 500 mSv (50 rem/year) |
| What is the dose equivalent limits for the whole body of a xray tech? | 50 mSv (.5 rem/year) |
| Personnel monitoring is required when there is any likelyhood that an individual will receive more than ______ the dose equivalent limits. | 1/10 |
| Which of the following is a primary factor in protecting radiographers from scatter radiation? | Use some type of lead shielding |
| What must the lead equivalency be for a lead apron? | .50 mm Pb |
| Where should a radiation number be worn to assure that a tech is not receiving too much radiation? | On the collar |
| Which of the following is a primary factor in protecting radiographers from the scatter radiation? | Increase distance from patient |
| How much radiation exposure reduced if the distance between the patient and tech is doubled? | 4 times less |
| Which of the following definitions describes the dose equivalent limits? | A dose that is not expected to produce significant effects |
| What is the dose equivalent limits a radiography student may receive in one year if he/she is under 18 years old? | 1 mSv (.1 rem) |
| To reduce the amount of scatter radiation, which of the following should be done by the radiographer? Increase kVp and reduce mAs Utilize precise collimation Increase the OID | 2 only |
| What is the dose equivalent limits to the fetus of a pregnant radiologic technologist? | .5 mSv/month |
| How thick must the lead be in a primary barrier of a radiographic room? | 1/16 inches |
| The lead equivalency for a pair of protective gloves must be at least how much? | .25 mm |
| Which of the following materials is most effective as a protective barrier? | Lead |
| What is the dose equivalent limits a radiation worker can receive in any one quarter (13 weeks) of a year? | 30 mSv (3 rem) |
| Primary radiation barriers in walls must be how high? | 7 feet high |
| which of the following describes the primary protective barrier? Lead apron Barrier to absorb scatter radiation Barrier to absorb primary radiation | 3 only |
| The fact that distance is the best protection against is proven by which of these laws? | Inverse square law |
| Mobile xray barriers should not be used when making exposures above what KVP? | 90 kVp |
| When referring to a whole body dose, which of the following is NOT included? | Hands and Feet |
| How many times should radiation scatter before reaching the control booth or a mobile protective barrier? | Two times |
| A secondary barrier protects the technologist from which of the following types of radiation? | Scatter radiation ONLY |
| Which of the following characteristics makes lead such an excellent protective barrier? High density High atomic number High Absorption coefficient | All 3 |
| What percentage of the primary exposure to the patient will reach a radiographer standing 1 meter away? | .1 % |
| If an exposure of 16 mR is recorded at 1 meter, what would the exposure rate be at 4 meters? | 1 mR |
| A radiographer will receive most of their occupational exposure from which of these types of radiation? | Scatter radiation |
| What is the exposure rate if 75 mAs results in an exposure of 600 mR? | 8 mR/mAs |
| Which of the following would never be considered as a primary barrier in normal diagnostic radiography? | The ceiling |
| Human cells are divided into two classifications. They are genetic cells and ______ cells. | Somatic |
| What is the process of cell division of somatic cells called? | Mitosis |
| Which of the following stages of cell division is considered to be the most radiosensitive? | Metaphase |
| The "Direct hit" theory of cell irradiation can be described by which of the following statements? | DNA molecule is struck |
| Which of the following mature cells would be least sensitive to radiation? | Nerve cells |
| Which of the following is not part of the genetic code that helps compose a DNA molecule? | Urine |
| The amount of ionization that occurs when radiation passes through tissue depends on which of the following?' Size of the particle Type of radiation Charge on the particle | All 3 |
| Which of the following is the most sensitive to radiation? | Lymphoid tissue |
| Which of the following would describe the shape of a DNA molecule? | Double helix |
| Which of the following is a type of damage that can occur to a DNA molecule when exposed to radiation? Change in the genetic code Breakage of the chromosome Breakage of the DNA molecule | All 3 |
| Where do the metabolic functions of a cell take place? | Cytoplasm |
| How many match pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell contain? | 23 |
| What is the name of the stage of cell division that is commonly referred to as the resting stage? | Interphase |
| An alteration in the sequence of the DNA molecule will result in which of the following? | a mutation |
| Which of the following are considered the building blocks in the synthesizing of proteins? | Amino acids |
| Where would the majority of RNA molecules be found in a human cell? | Nucleolus |
| The somatic effects of radiation refer to which of the following? | Exposure to the body tissues |
| Which of the following are considered extremely sensitive to radiation? Gonads Lens of the eye blood forming organs | 1 & 3 only |
| The small segment of the DNA molecule that determine the characteristics of each cell are called what? | Genes |
| Which of the following is most common result of cell irradiation? | Sterilization |
| Which of the following types of blood cells is the most sensitive to radiation? | Lymphocytes |
| The information that cells require for metabolism is coded in which of the following? | DNA Molecule |
| The radiation interaction with tissue that causes most of the cellular damage is which of the following? | Ionization |
| Which of the following are the two bases that are the building blocks of both types of nucleic acids? | Purines and Pyrimidines |
| Which of the following pyrimidines will always pair with the purine - adenine? | Thymine |
| Which of the following is not a stage of somatic cell division? | Nanophase |
| How will oxygen retention effect the radiosensitivity of a cell? | Radiosensitivity will increase |
| Which of the following types of tissue will absorb the most radiation? | Bone |
| Irradiation of which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells? | Bone marrow |
| Which of the following describes an atom that has lost one or more of its electrons? | Ion |
| Ionization can result from which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue? Photoelectric absorption Compton effect Coherent (classical) scatter | 1 & 2 only |
| Which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue results in the complete absorption of the photon? | Photoelectric absorption |
| A chromosome that has been damaged by radiation may cause which of the following? Mutation Cell death Sterlization | All 3 |
| What is the molecule called that has one or more unpaired electrons and is unusually chemically reactive? | Free radical |
| Which of the following is considered the unit of heredity? | The gene |
| Gross structural changes that arise when radiation breaks a chromosome may be referred to as what? Abberations Anomalies Lesions | All 3 |
| During mitosis, each chromosome splits in half. What are the two halves called? | Chromatids |
Created by:
kevincan