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ethics exam pt 2.
ethics exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three areas of moral philosophy? | Applied Ethics: study of specific moral issues, ex. Abortion Normative Ethics: the study of ethical theories that prescribe what one “ought” to do, ex. Utilitarianism Metaethics: concerns the foundations of morality, what is the nature of morality beh |
| State and explain the two categories of Metaethics. | Cognitivism: claim that moral statements are meaningful, can be true or false Moral realism: there are moral facts Moral absolutism Moral relativism Non-cognitivism/moral anti-realism: moral statements are not meaningful, neither true nor false “S |
| What is Divine Command Theory and why is it an Anti-Realist and/or Non-Cognitivist position? | Divine Command Theory: morality is ultimately based on the commands or character of God, and that the morally right action is the one that God commands or requires “Euthyphro Dilemma” 2 Horns: Something is right and God commands we do it because it is |
| What is moral nihilism? | Moral nihilism: moral issues are a cultural game, there is no right or wrong |
| What is subjectivism? | Moral subjectivism: moral viewpoint is only valid for the person that holds it |
| What are the problems with subjectivism? | Problems with subjectivism: it cannot solve moral conflicts, no moral weapon against what we personally consider acceptable, dangerous because it provides no social cohesion and no protection against the whins of those in power |
| What is the difference between cultural and ethical relativism? | Cultural relativism: describing how customs differ from culture to culture, descriptive theory Ethical relativism: each culture has its own set of rules that are valid for that culture, no universal values, normative theory, describes what people ought |
| What are some positive aspects of ethical relativism? | Positive aspects of ethical relativism: it can solve conflicts because within a culture whatever the majority deems to be the moral rule is the proper rule to follow, promotes tolerance which can reduce conflict |
| How does ethical relativism make it impossible to criticize or praise other cultures? | Ethical relativism makes it impossible to criticize or praise other culture’s because its goal is noninterference. We can notice the differences but we cannot judge them. This is because we have no right to do so because each culture makes their own moral |
| What are some problems associated with determining what is morally “right” based on majority rule? | It deems those who don’t agree with the rules and fall into the minority as wrong. This makes civil disobedience out of the question because it makes it impossible to disagree with any rules that are in effect. This makes it difficult for new ideas to eme |
| What’s the difference between soft-universalism and hard-universalism? | Soft universalism: people in different cultures can agree on certain basic moral values, core values grounded in humanity, can solve conflict Hard Universalism: there is only one moral code, absolutist, can solve conflict |
| What are the universal cultural values suggested by James Rachels? | Caring for infants for group survival Rule against lying Rule against murder |
| What is the problem of induction as it relates to the debate about moral norms? | Induction: if the premises are true, the conclusion is probable. Probability is based on the amount of evidence, either sound or unsound, all scientific reasoning is inductive Problem of induction → ethical relativism is an example of inductive thinking |
| What is the difference between ethics and morals? | Morals (mores): rules, customs and habits Ethics: theories about morals/mores |
| How might ethical relativism reduce to subjectivism? | The relative nature of subjectivism makes it similar to ethical relativism in that they both agree with tolerance and a “live and let live” mentality. They have in common the relativity of moral values. They differ because ethical relativism can solve con |
| How is ethical relativism inconsistent regarding the principle of tolerance? | It is inconsistent because of the question of whether tolerance can be a universal value. Ethical relativism cannot claim that tolerance is a universal value, then how can it resolve moral conflicts through tolerance? |
| How might soft universalism provide a refutation of ethical relativism? In book | Soft universalism points out that there are certain moral values that we follow. In instances of culture clashes we defend our culture because we believe in those values. Therefore, the argument of tolerance becomes weak. It points to the idea that when p |
| What is the difference between inclusive and exclusive multiculturalism? | Inclusive multiculturalism: to integrate everyone into all aspects of society, to break through glass ceilings Exclusive multiculturalism: intended to help children from minority cultures retain their self esteem under the assumption that it is fragile, |
| What is the difference between psychological and ethical egoism? | Psychological Egoism: theory about how humans behave, descriptive theory, we are all selfish or self interested, humans aren’t built to look out for other’s interests Ethical egoism: normative theory, people “ought” to look after themselves, proper mora |
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emmaskeet