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CH 1-4 Physics
1-4 physics study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| smallest particle of an element that possesses the chemical property of that elements | atoms |
| 3. What are the Fundamental particles of an atom? and their charges | protons -positive neutrons - neutral electrons - negative |
| 5. What are the mass of the fundamental particles? | • Mass of a Proton is 1836 times greater than an electron • Mass of a neutron is 1838 times greater than an electron |
| what is atomic number | # of protons In the nucleus z number |
| atomic mass of an electron is | 0 |
| 10. What is principal quantum number | N |
| 11. Octet rule | • An atom never has more than eight electrons in its outer shell • For this reason some atoms begin to fill in the next shell before the max is reached • An atom with eight electrons in its outer shell is chemically stable |
| 12. Binding energy | • The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus is called the electron binding energy • The closer an electron is to the nucleus the more tightly it is bound • K shell has the highest binding energy |
| 13. Difference between Centripetal and centrifugal force | • The forest that keeps an electron in orbit is the CENTRIPETAL FORCE • CENTRIFUGAL FORCE =flying out from the sensor force |
| 14. isotopes | atomic number : SAME atomic mass number:DIFFERENT neutron number: DIFFERENT |
| isobar | atomic number : DIFFERENT atomic mass number:SAME neutron number: DIFFERENT |
| isotone | atomic number : DIFFERENT atomic mass number:DIFFERENT neutron number: SAME |
| isomer | atomic number : SAME atomic mass number:SAME neutron number: SAME |
| What is the smallest particle of an element | atom |
| 18. What is the smallest particle of a compound? | molecule |
| 19. What is the definition of Radioactivity? | the emission of particles and energy in order to became stable |
| 20. What is radioactive disintegration or radioactive decay? | atoms exist in an abnormally excited state that are unstable nuclei •To reach stability the nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transform itself into another atom •This process is called radioactive disintegration or radioactive decay |
| 23. Explain the result of radioactive decay | • Radioactive decay results in emission of alpha particles beta particles and usually gamma rays |
| 24. Explain Particulate radiation | • ALPHA PARTICLES • BETA PARTICLES • Both associated with radioactivity decay |
| 25. Explain electromagnetic radiation | • Xray and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic ionizing radiation • Xray and gamma ray are often called photons • Photons have no mass and no charge • They travel at the speed of light and are considered energy distubances in space |
| 26. Explain Alpha particles | •The alpha particle = helium nucleus •2 protons and 2 neutrons •mass is 4 amu •carries 2 units of + electric charge •Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy elements •alpha particle possesses 4 to 7 meV of kinetic energy |
| 28. Similarities and differences between gamma rays and x-rays | • The only difference between X rays and gamma rays is their origin • gamma rays are emitted from the nucleus of radioisotope and are usually associated with alpha or beta emission • X rays are produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells |
| what is a photon | • A photon is the smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy |
| 34. What is common among all the electromagnetic radiations? | • Frequency • Wavelength • Amplitude • Velocity |
| 35. What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation | • (c=3x108 m/s) |
| 12. What are the Sources of ionizing radiation? | • Natural environmental radiation (3mSv/year) • Man-made radiation (3.2mSv/year ) |
| 13. What are the components of natural environmental radiation | • Cosmic rays • terrestrial radiation • internally deposited radionuclides • radon |
| 14. Largest manmade source of ionizing radiation is _______and in the us it is. close to _______msv/yr | diagnostic X-rays 3.2 |
| 15. What is NCRP? | • National council on radiation protection |
| 16. Who discovered x-rays and when | • Wilhelm Roentgen (Nov. 8 1895) |
| 17. What was the first radiograph? | roentgen wife hand |
| 21. Who invented fluoroscopic machine? | Thomas Edison 1898 |
| 22. What is the importance of Snook transformer | it reduced low energy radiation and exposure in 1910 |
| 23. What do you know about Crooks Tube? | • A vacuum tube for the generation of X rays in which the cathode consists |
| 1. What do you know about Coolidge x-ray tube | • vacuum tube that allowed X ray intensity and energy to be selected separately and with great accuracy which was impossible and gas filled crooks tube |
| 30. What is the purpose of intensifying screen? | • Reduce exposure of the patient to X rays by 95% compared with direct exposure film |
| 33. What is the velocity of light? | v=d/t |
| 34. Explain Newton’s law | • Newton's first law : inertia • a body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force |
| 35. What is force? | • The force that acts on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced • F=M x A • The SI unit of force is newton |
| 36. What is momentum | • The product of the mass of an object and its velocity is called momentum • P=MV MOMENTUM IS P |
| 37. Definition Work, Power, and Energy | • Work: The work done on an object is the force applied times the distance over which it is applied • Power: Power is the rate of doing work • Energy: Energy is the ability to do work |
| 38. What is the unit of Work | • W=F x D • Work is the product of force and distance |
| 39. What is the Unit of Power? | • P=Work/ T=fd/t |
| 40. What is the Unit of Energy? | • Joul per second |
| 41. Explain conduction, convection, and radiation | • Conduction: the transfer of heat through material or by touching • Convection: is the mechanical transfer of hot molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another • Radiation: radiation is the transfer of heat by emission of infrared radiation |
| 44. What is the Relationship between Kelvin and Celsius | • Tk=tc+273 |
| 45. What is the Unit of exposure? | • The roentgen is a traditional unit of radiation exposure or intensity |
| 46. What is the Unit of absorbed dose? | • The rad is the traditional unit of radiation absorbed dose |
| 47. Unit of effective dose? | • REM is also The unit of effective dose • Sievert (Sv) |
| 48. What is the unit of dose equivalent? | j/kg |
| what is the unit of occupational dose | rem |
| what is the unit of radioactivity | • the Curie is a unit of radioactivity • The curie Is the unit of quantity of radioactive material not the radiation emitted by that material • 1 curie is that quantity of radioactivity in which 3.7x10^10 nuclei disintegrate every second |
| what is a photon what is its charge | photon is the samllest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy may be pictured as a small bundle of energy called quantum. travels space at the speed of light Photon has no mass or charge |
| 5. Define Wavelength | • It’s the distance from one crest to another from one valley to another or from any point on the sine wave to the next corresponding point |
| 6. Define amplitude of a wave | • Its one half the range from the crest to valley over which the sine wave varies |
| 7. Define frequency of a wave | • It’s the. Number of wavelength that pass a point of observation per second |
| 8. Explain the relationship between wavelength, and frequency. | • The shorter the wavelength the higher is the frerquency |
| 9. Write the wave equation and electromagnetic wave equation. | • Wavelength= velocity/frequency (V=f λ). |
| 11. What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency? | • energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency •Higher the frequency higher the energy •Higher the frequency higher the penetration •Shorter the wavelength higher the frequency •Shorter the wavelength higher the penetration |
| 12. Is diagnostic ultrasound a part of the electromagnetic spectrum? | no |
| 13. What is refraction? See figure: 3-7 | •Photons of visible light travel in straight lines their curses can be deviated when they pass from one transport medium to another this deviation in line of travel is called refraction |
| 15. What is the difference between radiopaque and radiolucent? | • Structrues that absorb xrays are called radiopaque (white) • Structures that transmit xrays are called radiolucent (black |
| 18. Explain law of conservation of matter | • Matter can be neither created nor destroyed |
| 19. Explain law of conservation of energy. | • Energy can be transformed from one to another but it cant be created or destroyed |
| 1. Define Electrostatics | • Electrostatics is the study of fixed or stationary electric charge |
| 2. Define Electrodynamics | • The study of electric charges in motion |
| 3. Define Electrification | • Is the process of adding or removing electrons from a substance |
| 11. Define Ohm’s law and study the formula | • Ohms law states the voltage across the total circuit or any portion of the circuit is equal to the current multiplied by the resistance • V= I x R |
| 15. What is the difference between direct current and alternating current? | • Current flows in one direction along the conductor (flows from negative to positive) • Alternating flows first in one direction and the in the opposite direction |
| 17. What is the unit of electric power? | • watt |
| 18. Define one watt. | • One watt is = to one ampere of current flowing through an electric potential of 1 volt |
| 19. Any charged particle in motion create a | magnetic field |
| 20. The lines of magnetic fields are always | closed loops |
| 21. What is magnetic Permeability? | • The ability of a material to attach the lines of magnetic filed intensity |
| 22. Explain paramagnetic materials | • Paramagnetic material lies somewhere between ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic . they are very slightly attracted to a magnet and are loosely influenced by external magnetic field |
| 23. Explain diamagnetic materials | • Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by either magnetic pole . they cant be artificially magnetized and they are not attached to a magnet ex. Water & plastic |
| 24. Explain ferromagnetic materials | iron cobalt and nickel these are strongly attracted by a magnet and can be permantly magnetized by exposure to a magnetic field an alloy aluminum nickel and cobalt called alnico Is one of the more useful magnets produced from ferromagnetic material |
| 25. What is magnetic susceptibility? | • The degree to which various material can be magnetized |
| 27. What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength? | tesla |
| 28. What was the older unit used for magnetic field strength? | Gauss |
| 1 Tesla = | 10000 gauss |
| 31. Explain Faraday’s law | • States that an electric current is induced to flow in a circuit if some part of that circuit Is in changing magnetic field |
| 32. According to Faraday’s law, the magnitude of the induced current depends on four factors: Explain those factors | • The strength of magnetic field • The speed at which the magnetic field moves • The number of turns in the conductor • The angle of the conductor to the magnetic field |
| Grid ratio is the ________ of the grid strips divided by the _______ of the interspace material. | Height, Width |
| If a radiographer uses a 24 mAs with a 16:1 grid ratio, How much mAs should he use with a 6:1 grid? | 12 |
| The smaller quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a _________. | Photon |
| Wavelength and frequency of an electromagnetic radiation is _______ | Indirectly proportional |
| The shell number of an atom is called the | Principal quantum number |
| The property of some materials that exhibit no resistance below certain critical temperatures as illustrated as a concept is known as: | Superconductivity |
| Which is the unit of radioactivity? | Curie |
| The _______ is the least penetrating form of ionizing radiation. | Alpha particles |
| The smallest quality of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a _______ | Photon |
| If a current of 2A passes through a conductor that has a resistance of 6 ohm, what is the voltage across the conductor? | 12 V |
| _______ is the energy of motion. | Kinetic Energy |
| An abnormally excited atom, spontaneously emits particles and energy and transforms itself into another atom. The process is called: | Radioactivity decay and Radioactive disintegration |
| ________ is equal to one ampere of current flowing through an electric potential of 1 volt. | 1 Watt |
| Electromagnetic and particulate radiation emitted by the sun and stars are called: | Cosmic rays |
| Which is an ionizing electromagnetic radiation? | Gamma rays |
| Atoms that have the same atomic # but different atomic mass are: | Isotopes |
| Ionizing radiation is capable of removing ________ from atoms as it passes through the matter. | Electrons |
| Alpha particles contain | Two protons and Two neutrons |
| If the electron flow alternatively in opposite direction, it is called: | Alternating current |
| The quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence is known as: | Mass |
| The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half of its original value is: | Half life |
| The force that keeps an electron in orbit is: | Centripedal force and Binding energy |
| Radio waves, light and x-rays are all examples of _________ energy | Electromagnetic |
| The only difference between xrays and gamma rays is their _______ | Origin |
| What is the unit of electric potential? | Volt |
| __________ is one half of the range from the crest to the valley over which the sine wave varies. | Amplitude |
| The atomic number of an element is symbolized with the letter ______ | Z |
| Radon is a radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of ________ | Uranium |
| The name of the removal of an electron from an atom is: | Ionization |
| Gamma rays are produced in the ______ of the atom. | Nucleus |
| Which is an example of a particulate radiation? | Alpha particle |
| The unit of measure of radiation in the air is: | Roentgen |
| Any property of the circuit that opposes or hinders the flow of current is known as: | Resistance |
| What is common among the electromagnetic radiations? | Their velocity |
| Alpha particles are compared to a _______ nucleus | Helium |
| What are the fundamental particles of an atom? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Energy is defined as: | The ability to do work |
| The fundamental of electric charge is: | Coloumb |
| the energy of a photon is ______ to its frequency | Directly proportional |
| the study of fixed or stationary electric charge is called: | Electrostatics |
| Radioactive decay results in emission of alpha particles, beta particles, and usually ________ | Gamma rays |
| What is ohms law? | I = V/R |
| A neutral atom has the same number of ______ and _______. | Protons and electrons |
| The largest source of natural environmental radiation is: | Radon |
| Which of the following affect resistance? Matter of conductor Diameter of conductor Length of the conductor Temperature of the conductor All of the above | All of the above |
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