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Biology AOS1 Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleotides structure and function | the basic building block of nucleic acids that consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. |
| difference between DNA and RNA | DNA - double stranded, run antiparallel (ACT would read TGA), long chain of nucleoties, self-replicating RNA - single stranded, short chain of nucleotides , doent replicate on its own |
| DNA triplets structure and function | a series of three nucleotides that determine a single amino acid. |
| Transcription structure and function | taking a single gene of DNA and putting into a structure of mRNA |
| Translation structure and function | occurs at a ribosome and takes a mRNA strand and produces a protein |
| mRNA codons structure and function | is the amino acid coding unit in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| amino acids structure and function | Each amino acid is structured from an amino group and a carboxyl group bound to a tetrahedral carbon. Its function is to act as the monomer unit in protein synthesis |
| mRNA processing structure and function | the mechanism by which the information in genes (DNA) is used to produce RNA |
| List and define enzymes that manipulate DNA | Restriction Endonuclease - Recognises a sequence of DNA and cuts it Ligases - Lines up and sticks DNA back together again DNA polymerase - allows a cell to copy its DNA and then split in two making 2 new cells |
| CRISPR-cas9 (define and outline its role in gene editing and potential uses and limitations) | binds to the sight of mutation and cuts out the mutation nucleotide and replace with correct one |
| Steps required to use CRISPR-cas9 as a genome editing tool that can cut out specific sequences of DNA and allow them to be replaced with other sequences. | 1. An RNA that is complimentary to a specific DNA sequence 2. An enzyme that can cut a nucleotide out of the DNA in a specific place |
| Define transformation | a process by which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell. |
| Describe the steps needed to create a plasmid | Cut open the plasmid and "paste" in the gene. This process relies on restriction enzymes Insert the plasmid into bacteria. Grow up lots of plasmid-carrying bacteria and use them as "factories" to make the protein. |
| Explain the feature of the genetic code that makes it possible for genetic transformation to occur | genetic code is like DNA sequence like the complementary pairs and umabigous properties to code for an amino acid allow genetic transformation to occur |
| Explain the action of restriction endonucleases | cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule |
| Explain and draw the difference between sticky ends and blunt ends created by restriction endonucleases. | Sticky ends have one side longer then the other and blunt ends have both equal sides |
| Describe the steps in Polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA including the role of Taq polymerase | 1. Denaturation (90-95 degrees) 2. Annealing (50-55 degrees) 3. Elongation (72 degrees) 4. Repeat (this synthesises DNA) |
| Define gel electrophoresis | Used in labs to check that the right DNA has been isolated by measuring the size of the DNA |
| What is a DNA standard (ladder) and why it is used? | a solution of DNA molecules of different lengths used in agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| Define the terms genetically modified organism and transgenic organism. Where are they seen / used in society? | Genetic modification is widely used to make medicines such as insulin and is used to improve human health, enhance nutrition, protect the environment. |
| social implications of GMO’s and Transgenic organisms? | existing species can be overrun by more dominant new species. |
| ethical implications of GMO’s and Transgenic organisms? | debate over our right to "play God," as well as the introduction of foreign material into foods that are abstained from for religious reasons |
| biological implications of GMO’s and Transgenic organisms? | reduced genetic diversity of plants and animals in the environment |
| Outline and define the five Ethical concepts. Consider how they may be applied to various bioethical issues. | Integrity - Doing the right thing even when no-one is looking Justice - People get what they deserve Beneficence - Doing good to others Non maleficence - Doing no harm Respect - Honouring someones feelings, needs and decisions |
| Outline and define the three Approaches to Bioethics. Consider how they may be applied to various bioethical issues. | Consequences - Duty and rules - Virtues - |
| nitrogenous bases | RNA - Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil DNA - Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine |
| What is a TRP Operon | These produce proteins called trp repressor and is only active when tryptophan binds to it and binds to the operator region of the operon |
| What are the 4 protein structures | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary |
| Primary structure function | The first level of a protein structure where it form's a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
| Secondary structure function | The second level of a protein structure that amino acid chain from's either alpha helix, beta pleated sheets or random coils |
| Tertiary structure function | The third level of a protein structure that is a functional 3D shape of a polypeptide chain |
| Quaternary structure function | The fourth level of protein structure that 2 or more polypeptide chains bond together or other non-protein groups are added to form a fully functional protein |
| difference between a peptide and a polypeptide | A peptide is two or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds; a polypeptide is a chain of many amino acids |
| What are sticky ends in Restriction Endonuclease | (sometimes making a lopsided cut of the double strand leaving a single strand is called sticky ends ) |
| How does gel electrophoresis work | by placing DNA in one end of a solid gel made of agarose that forms a matrix where DNA can |
| What is the proteome | The complete set of proteins expressed by the genome of an individual call or organism at a given time. This insures that cells only produce the specific functions it carries out |
| What is the genome | The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism |
| What do amino acids create | Polypeptide chains |
| What is a beta pleated sheet | a series of anti-parallel chains of covalently-linked amino acids, with adjacent chains linked by hydrogen bonds. |
| What is a alpha helix | a tightly coiled main chain, with its side chains extending outward that sequence-specific interactions in protein–DNA interfaces |
| what do DNA ligase do | join DNA |
| What is a restriction site and where is it found | A site where a endonuclease is being directed to cut the DNA |
| What do endonuclease do | cut DNA |
| Where do sticky ends cut | On the top row - AGC On the bottom row - A |
Created by:
emma.paccagnan