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AP Psych Unit Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | Any relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge |
| Ex. Pavlov's dogs, school bell Elicit an involuntary response | Classical Conditioning |
| B. F. Skinner Reinforcements/Punishments | Operant Conditioning |
| always decreases a behavior; should be done immediately and every time | punishment |
| variable (random), fixed (set), ratio (number of attempts), interval (time) | reinforcement schedules |
| form of classical conditioning; involuntary response.; pairing a 2nd neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus..ex: rang bell to make dog salivate then started showing him a black square. Eventually could take away bell & dog still salivated. | higher order conditioning |
| when a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned | acquisition |
| the sudden reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response after the unconditioned stimulus has been removed for some time (ex. taste aversion) | spontaneous recovery |
| the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli; used in classical conditioning; results in generalizing a response to stimuli (ex. Little Albert with the white rat, generalized to a white bunny) | generalization |
| models; have to see it and be paying attention to it | observational learning |
| the science of changing behavior by analyzing what causes it in the first place | applied behavior analysis |
| subconscious learning; not actually aware you learned it until you have a chance to demonstrate you learned it (ex. when you first get your license and know how to get to school without looking it up) | latent learning |
| pairing a pleasant thing with an unpleasant one (ex. give myself a piece of cheesecake for studying when you didn't want to) | premack principle |
| when someone learns after a single experience to avoid a food with a certain taste if eating it is followed by illness | taste aversion |
| What does psychology say about violent video games? | It is believed to have some link but needs more investigation. Can't show cause/effect without an experiment. |
| What's the unconditioned stimulus for Pavlov's dogs? Unconditioned response? Conditioned stimulus? Conditioned Response? | Food; salivating; bell; salivating |
| What are the prenatal development stages? | germinal (first 2 weeks), embryonic (2-8 weeks), fetal |
| the groups of people who are together at a time, such as in a study | cohorts |
| a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; innate personality | temperament |
| What's the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic? | Monozygotic twins has one zygote that splits into 2 (identical twin); dizygotic is when two eggs are fertilized at one time (fraternal twins) |
| progressive loss/deterioration of cognitive function, marked by memory problems, trouble communicating, impaired judgment, and confused thinking | dementia |
| period of sexual maturation, during which a person is capable of reproducing | puberty |
| bond between mother and child | attachment |
| 4 parenting styles? Which is best for how children turn out? | permissive-let kids do whatever they want authoritarian-obedience at all costs; strict **authoritative - combo of permissive/authoritarian; rules with exceptions and love and understanding negligent/absent - ignore their kids/are absent |
| What is Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? | We learn through social conflicts that teach us about trust/mistrust, loving relationships, independence vs. dependence, etc. |
| agents that can have a negative impact on the development of an embryo or fetus (alcohol, drugs, etc.) | teratogens |
| These type of parents combine warmth with positive strictness | authoritative |
| Which of the following phenomena is the ability to understand that quantity does not change despite appearances? | conservation |
| Which brain area is the last to develop, explaining why teens may engage in risky behavior? | pre-frontal cortex |
| Sandy says her brother will get grounded if their parents learn he stole candy, demonstrating.. | Kohlberg'sPre-Conventional Stage of Moral Development |
| Learning to crawl is an example of | motor development |
| Attachment is important because | it helps infants rely on other people for their survival |
| ______ parenting encourages higher self esteem. | Authoritative |
| Process by which new information is placed into one's schemas | assimilation |
| Erik Erickson believed that ____plays an important role in human development. | social approval |
| According to Lawrence Kohlberg, ____influences moral development. | cognitive development |
| Jean Piaget's research shows that | intelligence develops as children grow. |
| A newborn infant has certain automatic movement patterns called | reflexes |
| Conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world is called | schema |
| Young child's inability to understand another person's perspective | egocentrism |
| Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ______ development. | cognitive |
| Understanding that an object exists even when it cannot be seen or touched | object permenance |
| Level of moral reasoning in which moral judgement reflect one's personal values | postconventional moral reasoning |
| Stage of cognitive development when children learn to coordinate vision with touch | sensorimotor |
| Level of moral reasoning in which moral judgments reflect common standards | conventional moral reasoning |
| A person's behavior usually develops as a result of | both hereditary and environment |
| What kind of studies involve participants who are monitored over an extended period of time? | longitudinal |
| What are teratogens? | any external agents that can harm an embryo or fetus |
| _____________ refers to characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity. | Temperament |
| Harry Harlow's monkey experiment demonstrated the importance of ______ when forming attachment. | contact comfort |
| Aiden's parents track him via GPS, have a strict curfew, and demand obedience. They are... | authoritarian |
| __________ is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. | Learning |
| Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are both types of... | associative learning |
| When you can't distinguish a difference between two similar stimuli, it is known as.. | generalization |
| Reinforcement always ________ the likelihood of a response. | increases |
| A car salesman who is given a bonus for every third car sold operates on a _____ schedule. | fixed ratio |
| Cleaning your house and rewarding yourself with cheesecake is engaging in... | positive reinforcement |
| Developing a nauseous reaction to shellfish after one episode of food poisoning is known as... | taste aversion |
| Observational learning requires the work of... | models |
| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is the... | neutral stimulus |
| Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely (and vice versa)... | law of effect |
| Which psychologist is credited with founding classical conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov |
| In Pavlov's dog experiment salivation at the tone was a(n) | conditioned response |
| In Pavlov's experiment, the tone which causes the dog to salivate is the | conditioned stimulus |
| Teaching a dog to move it's paw closer to a desired behavior is known as: | shaping |
| In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between: | events that it does not control |
| Revoking a driver's license because of poor driving is a : | negative punishment |
| Satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called _____ reinforcers | primary |
| Shaping behaviors through punishment and reward is known as: | operant conditioning |
| The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was | B. F. Skinner |
| Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. | variable ratio |
| Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. | variable interval |
| Jerry's teacher reminds him so much of his mother that he has many same reactions. This is | generalization |
| The sudden return of a response that has been extinguished | spontaneous recovery |
| A cancer patient becomes nauseated after chemo. Soon he begins to feel nauseous when he enters the hospital. This is a _______ stimulus. | conditioned |
| Punishments always _____ behaviors. | decrease |
| When a student acts up in class and the teacher gives him attention for it, it is a _______ reinforcement. | positive (increases the behavior) |
| What's the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers? | Primary keep us alive (food/water); everything else is secondary (verbal praise, a gold star, money) |
| What are gonads in males and females? | testicles and ovaries |
| what's the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? | Primary-actual reproductive organs Secondary - body hair, lower voice, etc. |
| Explain nature vs. nurture | genetics vs. environment |
| remembering to do something/complete a task (ex. older person remembering to take meds) | prospective memory |
| Sense of self; who you are | identity |
| What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation? | Both are schemas; assimilation is adding some information and accommodation is changing information |
| What is the information processing theory in cognition? | brain, as it develops biologically, is also developing cognitively (biologically like hardware of the computer; cognitively like the software of the computer) |
| when a woman can no longer have children, she is in ______. | menopause |
| Infant Motor Development (walking) - when do babies start to walk? | around a year |
| the process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable | scaffolding |
| Types of studies for developmental psychology | longitudinal - same people over long period of time cross sectional - a bunch of different groups at one time cross sequential - a bunch of different groups over period of time |
| When do you think people begin to see signs of body image issues? | Can be as early as 5 years old when you develop cognitively and socially enough to recognize differences. (can happen before puberty/adolescence) |
| What are warm to slow, easy, and difficult temperaments? | Difficult - slow to adapt to change, easily frustrated, bad eating/sleeping patterns; Slow to Warm - pretty normal, sometimes get frustrated; Easy - very hard to anger |
| when an child shows they trust mom bc when mom leaves and comes back, child is happy | secure attachment |
| when a parent leaves and child is mad when they come back | anxious ambivalent attachment |
| 4 Identity Stages (first two) | diffusion - no test, no decision (never had social dilemma so doesn't know who he is); foreclosure - no test/crisis, but there is some decision on who they are (ex. I want to be a lawyer when I grow up) |
| 4 Identity Stages (last two) | moratorium - tested with a crisis/social dilemma (want to be a lawyer but I suck at arguing) achievement - tested with crisis and made a decision (suck at English but great at math, so I'll be an engineer) |
Created by:
aaswell