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Chemistry key-terms
A-level
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oxidising agent | A substance that takes electrons from another substance so that it itself becomes reduced |
| Reducing agent | A substance that gives electrons to another substance and so it is oxidised |
| Salt bridge | A salt bridge is a piece of apparatus that connects the solutions in two half-cells so that the circuit can be complete and a current can flow without the solutions mixing |
| Inert pair effect | The tendency of the s^2 pair of electrons in an atom to stay paired, leading to a lower oxidation state |
| Octet Expansion | the ability of some atoms to use d-orbitals to have more than 8 electrons in their valence shell |
| Ampthoteric | Materials that react with both acids and bases |
| Disproportionation reaction | One in which the same element is both oxidised and reduced, forming products containing the element in two different oxidation states |
| D-block | the groups of elements whose outer electrons are found in d-orbitals |
| Transition element | A metal that possess a partially filled d sub-shell in its atom or stable ion |
| Catalyst | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy |
| Homogeneous catalyst | A catalyst in the same physical state as the reactions that they catalyse |
| Heterogeneous catalyst | A catalyst in a different physical state from the reactions that they catalyse |
| Quenching | The sudden stopping or significantly slowing of a chemical reaction to allow for analysis to occur without the reaction proceeding further. It is usually undertaken by cooling and dilution, such as adding to iced water |
| Activation energy | The minimum amount of energy required for a collision to be successful |
| Rate-determining step | The slowest step of a reaction mechanism |
| Principle of conservation of energy | Energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be converted from one form to another |
| Entropy | The degree of freedom of a system |
| Second law of thermodynamics | Entropy will always tend to increase in any isolated system that is not in equilibrium |
| Dynamic equilibrium | A reversible reaction where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, so the quantities of each substance stay the same |
| Equimolar mixture | One that has equal moles and so equal concentrations of each substance. |
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Zoe 1
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