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Radiobiology
Chapter 10: Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| action limits | limits for occupational exposure that are set by the medical facility well below the regulatory values as they appear in state or federal regulations |
| agreement states | individual states of the US that have entered into an agreement with the NRC to assume responsibility for enforcing radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments |
| ALARA concept | precept holding that occupational exposure of the patient, occupationally exposed persons, and the general public should be kept "as low as reasonably achievable" |
| annual occupational effective dose limit | an upper boundary limit for radiation workers for yearly whole-body exposure of 50 mSv |
| cumulative effective (CumEfD) limit | a radiation worker's lifetime EfD must be limited to their age in years times 10 mSv; this limit pertains to the whole body |
| effective dose (EfD) | quantity that is used for radiation protection purposes to provide a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation ; takes into account the dose from all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues |
| effective dose (EfD) limiting system | current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public; set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of various risks of cancer &genetic effects to tissues irradiated |
| effective dose limit (EDL) | concerns the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in a negligible risk of bodily injury or hereditary damage; limits may be expressed for whole body and partial body exposure and exposure to individuals organs |
| equivalent dose (EqD) | radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receive exposure from various types of ionizing radiation ; product of absorbed dose and associated radiation weighting factor; enables calculation of EfD |
| International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) | radiation protection standards organization considered to be the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radiation; responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance through recommendations |
| lifetime effective dose | dose in mSv that does not exceed 10 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years, or for the dose in rem, the age of the person |
| National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) | in the US, NCRP is a non-governmental, nonprofit, private corporation that reviews the recommendations formulated by the ICRP; determines the way ICRP recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria |
| Negligible Individual Dose (NID) | annual effective dose that provides a low exposure cutoff level such that regulatory agencies may consider the associated level of individual risk negligible |
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) | a federal agency that has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security; has the power to set and enforce radiation protection standards for usage of reactor produced radioisotope |
| radiation hormesis | effect that is a beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed to moderately higher levels of radiation than ordinary background |
| radiation-induced malignancy | cancerous (malignant) neoplasm caused by exposure to ionizing radiation |
| radiation safety committee (RSC) | group that assists in the development of the radiation safety program in a health care facility, provides guidance for the program, and facilitate its ongoing operation |
| radiation safety officer (RSO) | individual such as a health physicist, medical physicist, radiologist, etc., qualified through adequate training and experience in the safe usage of radiation; responsible to ensure that state, federal, & internationally accepted guidelines followed |
| stochastic effects | mutational or randomly occurring biologic changes, independent of dose, in which the chance of occurrence of the effect rather than the severity of the effect is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation; occur months or years after irradiation |
| tissue reactions | any radiation effects on organ or organ systems that increase with increasing dose, and below a certain dose level, the effect rarely or never occurs; may occur as early effects or late effects |
| tissue weighting factors | a value that denotes the percentage of the summed stochastic risk stemming from irradiation of specific tissues to the all-inclusive risk when the entire body is irradiated in a uniform fashion |
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