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Immuno CH 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The classical complement pathway is activated by: A. Most viruses B. antigen-antibody complexes C. fungal cell walls D. mannose in bacterial cell walls | antigen-antibody complexes |
| Which of the following characteristics of complement components? A. normally present in serum B. Mainly synthesized by B cells C. Present as active enzymes D heat stable | normally present in serum |
| All of the following are true of the recognition unit EXCEPT: A. it consists of C1q, C1r, C1s B. the subunits require calcium for binding together C. binding occurs at the FC region of antibody molecules D. C1q becomes active esterase | C1q becomes an active esterase |
| Which of the following is referred to as C3 convertase? A. C1prs B C3bD C. C3bBb D. C4b5a | C3bBb |
| Mannose-binding protein in the lectin pathway is most similar to which classical pathway component? A. C3 B. C1rs C. C1q D. C4 | C1q |
| Which of the following describes the role of properdin in the alternative pathway? A. Stabilization of C3/C5 convertase B. Conversion of B to Bb C. inhibition of C3 convertase formation D. Binding and cleavage of Factor B | Stabilization of C3/C5 convertase |
| Which best characterizes the MAC? A. Each pathway uses different factors to form it B. C5-9 are not added in any particular order C. one MAC unit is sufficient to lyse any type of cell D. C9 polymerizes to form the transmembrane channel | C9 polymerizes to from the transmembrane channel |
| All of the following represent functions of the complement system EXCEPT A. decreased clearance of antigen-antibody B. lysis of foreign cells C. increase invascular permeability D. migration of neutrophils to the tissues | decreased clearance of antigen-antibody complexes |
| Which is true of the amplification loop in complement activation? A. it is only found in the alternative pathway B. the membrane attack unit is amplified C. C3b is the product that is increased D. increasing amounts of C1prs are produced | C3b is the product that is increased |
| Factor H acts by competing with which of the following for the same binding site? A. factor B B. factor D C. C3B D. factor I | Factor B |
| A lack of CR1 receptors on RBCs would result in which of the following? A. decreased binding of C3b to RBCs B. decreased clearance of immune complexes by the spleen C. decreased breakdown of C1qrs D. decreased binding of Factor H | Decreased clearance of immune complexes by the spleen |
| Which best describes the role of CR2 on cell membranes A. binds C1prs to inactivate it B. acts as co-receptor on B cells for antigen C. increases clearance of immune complexes D. Binds particles opsonized with C3b | Acts as co-receptor on B cells for antigen |
| Which of the following best characterizes hemolytic uremic syndrome? A. it is a rare cause of renal failure in children B. it can be associated with deficiencies in Factor H. C. the major cause is lack of DAF on RBCs | It can be associated with deficiencies in Factor H |
| The CH50 test measures which of the following? A. patient serum required to lyse 50% of sensitizes sheep RBCs B. functioning of both the classical and alternative pathways C. genetic deficiencies of any of the complement components | Patient serum required to lyse 50% of sensitized sheep RBCs |
| Which of the following would be most effective preventing bystander lysis of RBCs A. C1-INH B. Factor B C. DAF D. FActor H | DAF |
| A decreased CH50 level and a normal AH50 level indicate which deficiency? A. decrease in components in the lectin pathway only B. decrease in components in the alternative pathway only C. decrease in components of the classical pathway only | Decrease in components of the classical pathway only |
| Which best describes the role of an anaphylatoxin? A. coats cells to increase phagocytosis B. attracts WBCs to the area of antigen concentration C. Increases permeability of blood vessels D. increases production of interleukin-1 | increases permeability of blood vessels |
| Which best describes the role of Factor H? A. acts with DAF to break down C3b B. prevents binding of Factor B to C3b C. binds to the C5-7 complex D. binds to C1q to shut down the classical pathway | prevents binding of Factor B to C3b |
| A lack of C1-INH might result in which of the following conditions? A. paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria B. hemolytic uremic syndrome C. hereditary angioedema D. increased bacterial infections | hereditary angioedema |
| Which would be most effective in measuring an individual complement component? A. CH50 assay B. radial immunodiffusion C. AH50 assay D. lytic assay with liposome | Radial immunodiffusion |
| What is the role of the complement system in the defense against microbes? | lysing invading cells |
| Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized where? | most synthesized in the liver |
| What is the source of C1-4? | WBCs (monocytes and macrophages) |
| Which immunoglobulins activate the classical pathway? | IgM, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 |
| What three stages does the classical complement pathway consist of? | Classical, alternative, and lectin |
| What are the immunoglobulin or antibody isotypes? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE |
| What are classical and lectin controls? | - C1-INH - Factor I - C4BP - MCP - DAF - S protein |
| What are the alternative pathway controls? | - Factor H - S protein - MCP - DAF |
| What suffix always signifies that something is an enzyme? | -ase |
| What is the MAC? | Membrane attack complex (C5b-9); end componenet of all three pathways which lysis of foreign particles. |
| WBCs are additional sources of early complement components: | C1-4 |
| Complement Fragments/components acts as: | Opsonins |
| What is the end product of the three pathways? | Lysis of the invading cell |
| What are the three pathways? | - classical - lectin - alternative |
| The classical pathway is activated by what? | - IgM - IgG1 -IgG2 - IgG3 |
| Most efficient due to multiple binding sites (classical pathway) | IgM |
| Substances that bind complement directly that activate the classical pathway are: | -CRP - Certain viruses - mycrplasmas - certain gram-negative bacteria - some protozoa |
| C1 consists of three subunits: | - C1q - C1r - C1s |
| C1q, C1r, and C1s require the presence of what to maintain structure? | calcium |
| C1q recognizes the ____ of two adjacent antibody molecules? | Fc region |
| C1r and C1s are _____ also called zymogens. | serine protease proenzymes |
| C1q, C1r, and C1s are which stage? | Recognition |
| C4, C2, and C3 are which stage? | Activation |
| C5-9 are which stage? | Membrane attack complex (MAC |
| Serum proteins involved in the alternative pathway: | - Factor B - Factor D - Properdin |
| Serum proteins involved in the MBL pathway? | - MBL - MASP-1 - MASP-2 |
| What is the formation of the MAC during the classical complement cascade? | C5b6789 |
| What is the first complement component to bind during the classical pathway? | C1 |
| catalyze or enhance a reaction | enzyme |
| What must happen to initiate the classical pathway? | At least two of the globular heads of C1q must be bound |
| The zymogens C1r and C1s are converted into: | active enzymes as binding of C1q occurs |
| What takes place as a result from a change that takes place as C1q is bound? | Autoactivation of C1r |
| The classical pathway begins when ___ cleaves ____ to create ____ and ____ to create _____ | - C1s - C4 - C4b - C2 - C2a |
| After C4b and C2a is formed..... | C3 convertase is formed |
| How does the classical pathway end? | Ends with production of C5 convertase |
| How is the MAC process initiated? | When C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C4b |
| ____ attaches to the cell membrane to initiate formation of MAC | C5b |
| The level of MAC is an indicator of: | the amount of terminal pathway activation that is occuring |
| During the lectin pathway, how does it activate complement? | By recognizing carbohydrates on microbial cell walls |
| The lectin pathway serves as a defense mechanism in: | infancy in between loss of maternal antibody and development of full antibody response |
| The lectin pathway involves three classes of recognition molecules | - lectins - ficolins - CL-L1 |
| In the lectin pathway, after cleaving of ____ and ___, is identical to the classical pathway. | - C4 - C2 |
| What is MBL? | (Mannan-binding lectin) an acute phase protein |
| How does the MBL initiate pathway during the lectin pathway? | Binds to mannose or related sugars in a calcium-dependent manner |
| Acts mainly as an amplification loop for classical or lectin pathways | Alternative pathway |
| How can the alternative pathway be activated? | By bacterial or fungal cell walls, viruses, tumor cells, or some parasites |
| Is an inhibitor of C3 convertase formation | Decay accelerating factor (DAF) |
| Is one of the main mechanisms used in discerning self from non self | DAF |
| Dissociates C3b from RBCs | DAF |
| Which immunoglobulin can activate complement | IgM |
| Which immunoglobulin is associated with the secondary immune response and can cross the placenta? | IgG |
| Which immunoglobulin is associated with the primary immune response? | IgM |
| Which factor is unique to the lectin pathway? | Mannose Binding Protein (MBP) |
| A deficiency in C1-INH is associated with: | Hereditary Angioedema |
| A deficiency in C3 is associated with: | Glomerunonephritis |
| A deficiency in C9 is associated with: | No known Disease Assocation |
| A deficiency in C1 (q, r, or s) is associated with: | Lupuslike syndrome |
| Proteins associated with chemotaxis and anaphylaxis are: | C3a and C5a |
| A small peptide that causes increased vascular permeability, smooth musce contraction, and release of histamine is: | Anaphylatoxin |
| True or false: C5-C9 or C5b6789 is the MAC | True |
| C3 covertase (alternative pathway) a. C4b2a3b B. C4b2a C. C3bBb3bP D. C3bBbP | C3bBbP |
| C3 convertase (classical pathway) a. C4b2a3b b. C3bBb3bP c. C4b2a d. C1qrs | C4b2a |
| C5 convertase (alternative pathway) a. C4b2a3b b. C4b2a c. C3bBb3bP d. C1qrs | C3bBb3bP |
| C5 convertase (classical pathway) a. C4b2a3b b. C4b2a c. C3bBb3bP d. C1qrs | C4b2a3b |
| The alternative pathway is activated by: | C3b |
| C5-9 a. MAC b. Is part of all 3 pathways c. Causes lysis of the target cell d. All of these | All of these |
| What factor is unique to the alternative pathway? | Factor B |
| Dissociated C1r and C1s from C1q | C1-INH |
| Cleaves C3b and C4b | Factor I |
| Cofactor with I to inactivate C3b; prevents binding of B to C3b | Factor H |
| Acts as a cofactor with I to inactivate C4b | C4BP |
| Prevents attachment of C5b67 complex to cell membranes | S protein |
| Prevents insertion of C9 into cell membrane | MIRL (CD59( |
| Cofactor for I cleavage of C3b and C4b | MCP (CD46) |
| Cofactor for factor I; mediates transport of immune complexes | CR1 (CD35) |
| B-cell co-receptor for antigen with CD19 | CR2 (CD21) |
| Adhesion and increased activity of phagocytic cells | CR4 |
| Effector molecules of biological manifestations of complement activation: | - anaphylatoxins - chemotaxins - opsonins |
| Complement can be harmful if: | - activated systemically on a large scale, as in gram-negative septicemia - activated by tissue necrosis, as in myocardial infarction - lysis of RBCs occurs |
| Laboratory detection of complement abnormalities involve what techniques? | - measurement of components as antigen in serum - measurement of functional activity |
| Immunologic assays of individual components; | - Radial immunodiffusion (RID) - Nephelometry |
| Classical pathway assays: | measures lysis |
| Classical pathway assays include: | - CH50 assay - CH50 test for lysis of liposomes - Radial hemolysis in agarose plates |
| Alternative pathway assays include: | AH50 and ELISA |
| Waht coat damaged or foregin cells to enhance phagocytosis? | Opsonins |
| What attract phagocytic cells to a specific area? | Chemotaxins |
| Increase vascular permeability | Anaphylatoxins |
| Recognition unit: a. C1qrs b. C5-9 c. C3 d. C3bBb | C1qrs |
| Activates the classical pathway a. IgA b. IgM c. IgG d. IgE | IgM |
| Activates the alternative pathway a. C1q b. C3q c. C4 d. C3b | C3b |
| Activates lectin pathway a. MBL b. ABL c. MASP d. Properdin | MBL |
| Hereditary Angioedema is cause by a deficiency in: a. C5 b. Factor-H c. C9 d. C1-INH | C1-INH |
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is cause by a deficiency in: a. DAF b. Properdin c. Tumor necrosis factor d. C1-INH | DAF |
| C5 convertase (classical pathway): a. C3bBb b. C3bBb3bP c. C4b2a3b d. C3bBbP | C42a3b |
| MAC: a. C4, C5, C6 b. C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 c. C6, C7, C8, C9 d. C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 | C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 |
| Found in both classical and alternative pathways: a. Properdin b. C2 c. Factor D d. C3 | C3 |
| Responsible for target cell lysis: a. MAC b. Mannose c. Recognition unit d. Activation unit | MAC |
| Which complement proteins have anaphylactic and chemotactic properties? a. C1q and C2 b. C6 and C7 c. C3a and C5a d. C3b and C3a | C3a and C5a |
| The membrane attack complex is part of all three pathways. True or false. | True |
| True or false: C3b activates the classical pathway and acts as an opsonin. | False |
| True or false: Immune complex disease is caused by a deficiency in Factor H. | False |
| True or false: DAF dissociates complement C3b from RBCs | True |
| A deficiency in C2 is associated with: | lupuslike sydrome; recurrent infections; atherosclerosis |
| A deficiency in C4 is associated with: | lupuslike syndrome |
| A deficiency in C5-C8 is associated with: | Neisseria injections |
| A deficiency in DAF is associated with: | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
| A deficiency in MIRL is associated with: | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
| A deficiency in Factor H or Factor I is associated with: | Recurrent pyogenic injections |
| A deficiency in Properdin is associated with: | Neisseria infections |
| C1 components are mainly produced by: | Intestinal epithelial cells |
| Factor D is mainly composed of: | adipose tissue |
| What represents the most significant step in the entire process of complement activation? | The cleavage of C3 to C3b |
Created by:
Vlandon98