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9.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motivation | describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. |
| intrinsic | In addition to biological motives, motivations can be ---- (arising from internal factors) |
| extrinsic | arising from external factors |
| William James (1842–1910) | was an important contributor to early research into motivation, and he is often referred to as the father of psychology in the United States. James theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts, which aid survival |
| biological perspective | From a ----, an instinct is a species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned. |
| James’s era. | A mother’s protection of her baby, the urge to lick sugar, and hunting prey were among the human behaviors proposed as true instincts during ---- |
| The control center | --- directs effectors (which may be other neurons) to correct any imbalance detected by the control center. |
| According to the ---, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. | drive theory of motivation |
| habit | A ---- is a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage. Once we have engaged in a behavior that successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behavior whenever faced with that drive in the future |
| So what is the optimal level of arousal? What level leads to the best performance? Research shows that --- arousal is GENERALLY best; | moderate. when arousal is very high or very low, performance tends to suffer |
| ------- discovered that the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed | Researchers Robert Yerkes (pronounced “Yerk-EES”) and John Dodson |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | ---, which holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower. |
| Self-efficacy | ----- is an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task. |
| Albert Bandura (1994) | --- theorized that an individual’s sense of self-efficacy plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior. |
| affiliation | The need for ---- encourages positive interactions with others, |
| intimacy | and the need for ---- causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships. |
| achievement | It is the need for ----- that drives accomplishment and performance. |
| Dominance and aggression | ----- were recognized as needs under the domain of human power, and play was a recognized need in the domain of interpersonal affection. |
| Abraham Maslow (1943) | ----- proposed a hierarchy of needs that spans the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social. |
| [Bottom] - Physiological (Food, Water, Shelter, Warmth) [Bottom] - Security (Safety, Employment, Assets) [Top] - Social (Family, Friendship, Intimacy, Belonging) | [Top] Esteem - Self-Worth, Accomplishment, Confidence [VERY Top] Self-Actualization - Inner Fulfilment |
| hypothalamus | As you’ve learned, the ---- plays an important role in motivated behaviors, and sex is no exception. |
| medial preoptic area | In fact, lesions to an area of the hypothalamus called the ---- completely disrupt a male rat’s ability to engage in sexual behavior. |
| the amygdala and nucleus accumbens | are involved in motivation for sexual behavior, but they do not affect the ability to engage in it. |
| hypogonadism | (reduced function of the gonads) |
| excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution | Based on these observations, Masters and Johnson divided the sexual response cycle into four phases that are fairly similar in men and women: |
| excitement | The ---- phase is the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, and it is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal. |
| During plateau | , women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid. Both men and women experience increases in muscle tone during this time. |
| Orgasm | is marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension. In men, pelvic contractions are accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by ejaculation. |
| Resolution | --- is the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation. |
| refractory period | The ----- is a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm. |
| emotion | An ----- is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. |
| Mood | ----- on the other hand, refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. |
| components of emotion | Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. Together, these are known as the ----- |
| The James-Lange theory | ---- of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened. |
| Thus, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed. | According to this view, physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994). So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. |
| James-Lange Theory & Cannon-Bard Theory | In both of these examples, neither theory is fully supported because physiological arousal does not seem to be necessary for the emotional experience, |
| Schachter-Singer two-factor theory | The ---- of emotion is another variation on theories of emotions that takes into account both physiological arousal and the emotional experience. According to this theory, emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. |
| Cannon-Bard theory | So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur. |
| James-Lange theory | According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you would only experience a feeling of [snake] after this physiological arousal had taken place. Furthermore, different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings. |
| Schachter-Singer two-factor theory | In revisiting our example involving the venomous snake in your backyard, the two-factor theory maintains that the snake elicits sympathetic nervous system activation that is labeled as fear given the context, and our experience is that of fear. |
| cognitive-mediational theory | Lazarus (1991) developed the ---- that asserts our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus. |
| fear stimulus | A ---- is processed by the brain through one of two paths: from the thalamus (where it is perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala. |
| Earlier, you learned about the limbic system, which is the area of the brain involved in --- | emotion and memory |
| The limbic system includes the ---- | hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus. Is involved in mediating emotional response and memory. |
| thalamus | The ---- serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing. |
| amygdala | The ----- plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures (Fear and Anxiety) |
| hippocampus | The ------ integrates emotional experience with cognition |
| The basolateral complex | ----- has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. It is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory. |
| central nucleus | The ---- plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity |
| amygdala structure | Changes in --- and function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either atrisk or have been diagnosed with various mood and/or anxiety disorders |
| cultural display | A ---- rule is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable |
| Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD | show marked reductions in the volume of several parts of the hippocampus, which may result from decreased levels of neurogenesis and dendritic branching (the generation of new neurons and the generation of new dendrites in existing neurons, respectively) |
| cultural display | A --- rule is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable |
| . In fact, there is substantial evidence for seven universal emotions that are each associated with distinct facial expressions. These include: ---- | happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger |
| facial feedback hypothesis | The --- asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier |
| Body language | --- is the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement. |
| Affiliation | Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others. |
| Abraham Maslow | ________ proposed the hierarchy of needs. |
| Self-Efficiacy | _________ is an individual's belief in his or her capability to complete a task. |
| Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this? | Extrinsic |
| According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese. | One Third |
| ________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant. | Leptin |
| ________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed. | Bulimia nervosa |
| 8. In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________. | 40 or more |
| Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so. | Media preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
| During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men. | Orgasm |
| Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study? | sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions |
| If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing | gender dysphoria |
| Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________. | hippocampus |
| According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal. | James-Lange |
| Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another? | James-Lange Theory |
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Russells3709