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Chapter 9: Nervous
TEST REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sensory input | any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs to the central nervous system |
| Central Nervous System | consists of the brain and spinal cord; receives sensory input through sensory receptors; command center of the body; helps body maintain homeostasis |
| sensory receptors | nerve ending in the sensory organs; monitor stimuli |
| stimuli | changes in the external or internal environment |
| integration | CNS processes and interprets the information received through the sensory organs; does this without your being aware of this activity on a conscious level; enables nervous system to do motor output |
| motor output | after integration, the CNS transmits messages to effectors; occurs one of 2 ways: through voluntary movement or through involuntary movement |
| effectors | muscles or glands in the body that generate a response in the form of motor output |
| voluntary movement | movement produced by skeletal muscles |
| involuntary movement | movement produced by muscles and glands (e.g cardiac muscle of heart and smooth muscle of digestive tract) |
| neurons | nerve cells; found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Responsible for conducting electrical impulses throughout the body in response to an external/internal stimulus. 2 types: sensory and motor |
| sensory neurons | conduct electrical signals (impulses) from various parts of the body to the brain and the spinal cord |
| motor neurons | receive electrical impulses from the brain and spinal cord and communicate these impulses to other parts of the body. |
| electrochemical signaling | process of impulse transmission via the neurons |
| nerves | when many neurons form a bundle of fibers |
| cell body, dendrites, and axon | the three basic parts of the neuron |
| cytoplas | a jelly-like substance that makes up most of the cell body and that protects the nucleus |
| mitochondria | specialized tissue cells that ingest, digest, and convert nutrients to energy for the cells of the body. |
| dendrites | extend from the neuron cell body and receive the electrical impulses, or messages, from other neurons |
| axons | "nerve fibers"; long, thing nerve processes that transmit electrical impulses from the cell body of the neuron out toward the axon terminals |
| myelin sheath | surround the axons; provides electrical insulation for the axons as they conduct neural impulses |
| axon terminals | when a neural impulse reaches the terminal end of an axon, it must "leap" to the next neuron. |
| synapse | contact point at which one neuron communicates with another |
| synaptic cleft | a microscopic gap between two neurons |
| neurotransmitters | pass the neural impulse across the cleft from one neuron to another |
| neuroglial cells | "glial cells"; specialized cells that support the vital functions of the nervous system; provide protective insulation for the neurons; "glue" that holds nerves together but DO NOT CONDUCT NEURAL IMPULSES. (eg, Schwann cell) |
| peripheral nervous system | made up of nerves that reach into and extend from the brain and spinal cord; functions as the liaison between the CNS and the rest of the body. |
| cranial nerves of PNS | CONDUCT neural impulses to and from the brain; 12 |
| spinal nerves of PNS | TRANSMIT neural impulses to and from the spinal cord; 31 |
| gray matter | unmyelinated nerve tissue that is composed mostly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites; made up of ascending spinal tracts which transmit sensory information from organs/glands to the brain and descending tracts which relay motor commands from brain to pn |
| white matter | contains myelin sheaths, which shroud axons and are made by neuroglial cells |
| cerebrum | located in the superior and anterior parts of the brain; largest brain region. Seat of high-level cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, planning, memory and sensory integration |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum; this layer of gray matter contains many folds of convoluted and fissured areas |
| gyri | convolutions of the cerebral cortex |
| sulci | depressions of the cerebral cortex |
| corpus callosum | a bundle of nerve tissue that connects the left and right brain hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other |
| frontal lobes | control movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, speech, and emotions; the seat of your personality |
| parietal lobes | largely responsible for processing sensory stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain |
| occipital lobes | control vision |
| temporal lobes | responsible for hearing, sense of smell, factual and visual memory, and language processing |
| cerebellum | second largest region of the brain; controls the body's sense of balance and equilibrium, and it coordinates movement of voluntary muscles |
| diencephalon | the site of three key glands of the endocrine system: the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland |
| thalamus | acts as the sensory traffic director of the brain; routes messages from the sensory organs of the body to the cerebral cortex; also plays an important role in the processing and memory functions involved in the act of learning |
| hypothalamus | serves at the monitor and control center of autonomic nervous system functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, bod y temperature, hormone production, hunger, thirst, and digestion |
| pineal gland | secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm |
| brain stem | helps regulate the CNS by serving as a conduit for sensory information carried between the cerebellum and the rest of the body; governs vital functions such as respiratory rate, cardiac rhythm, body temperature, and sleep patterns |
| midbrain | passageway for electrical impulses as they travel between the brain and the spinal cord |
| pons | connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain; latin or "bridge" |
| medulla oblongata | brain to spinal cord via the pons; helps conduct neural impulses from brain to spinal cord; regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature |
| cerebrospinal fluid | clear, watery; envelops and protects the delicate brain and spinal cord tissues from injury |
| choroid plexus | manufactures CSF |
| spinal cord | a column of neural tissue that extends inferiorly from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra in the vertebral column; divided into 31 segments; interior has gray matter and exterior has white matter |
| reflex | an involuntary reaction to a stimulus |
| reflex arc | the process by which your body exhibits a reflex; neural impulses do not travel to the brain before being processed, instead, the spinal cord receives and interprets the impulse and immediately signals the body to response |
| meninges | layers of connective tissue that protects the CNS |
| dura mater | "tough mother"; thick sac of dense collagen fibers and blood vessels that protects the CNS from injury; also contains cerebrospinal fluid and supplies blood to the nervous tissue of the CNS |
| arachnoid mater | "spider-like mother"; contains many thin fibers that connect it to the pia mater below it; these fibers cross the subarachnoid space; the subarachnoid space is filled with protective fluid |
| pia mater | "soft mother"; a thin, delicate tissue membrane that lies directly on the brain and the spinal cord. The pia mater contains a rich supply of blood vessels that nourish the CNS |
| nerve root | each nerve originates at this point in the spinal cord and has a specific function which is determined by its location and the organ or part of the body through which it travels |
| afferent nerves | sensory nerves; nerves that conduct messages from the sensory receptors to the CNS ONLY |
| efferent nerves | motor nerves; conduct messages FROM the CNS to the MUSCLES and GLANDS of the body |
| autonomic nervous system | controls the involuntary bodily functions; can be divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system |
| sympathetic nervous system | control's the body's "fight-or-flight" response in times of crisis; heart rate and blood pressure elevate, the airways in the lungs dilate to allow greater oxygen intake, digestive processes temporarily halt, and you experience the rush of adrenaline |
| parasympathetic nervous system | controls the "rest-and-digest" response; counteracts the adrenalized response generated by the sympathetic nervous system; "calms" the body with signals that decrease heart rate and respirations and resume digestion |
| somatic nervous system | involves the skeletal muscles and the skin; controls the conscious, voluntary activities of the body; stimulate movement by sending messages to the skeletal muscles; through sensory receptors in skin, somatic nerves send messages about pain, pressure,temp |
Created by:
Cee.mar