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ANTH1000W Midterm
ANTH1000W study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Four field approach | Biological anthropology, Archaeology, Anthropological linguistics, Cultural anthropology |
| Anthropological linguistics | study of human language |
| Archaeology | study people from the past by excavation and analyzing material left behind |
| Artifacts | ex) tools, arrowheads |
| Biological anthropology | Paleoanthropology-(evolutionary record) Primatology- apes, monkeys, etc.., Physical variations of primates |
| Cultural anthropology | studying specific contemporary cultures (ethnography) and more general patterns derived from cultural comparisons (ethnology) |
| Cultural relativism | culture must be viewed from an objective pov perspective not from one;s own culture |
| Cultural Resource Management | whenever something new is built, anthropologists must be contacted incase theres something like relevant there, then they extract the information from the area |
| Descriptive linguistics | study of sound systems,, grammatical systems, and meanings attached to words in specific languages |
| Ecofacts | objects found in the natural environment that were not made or altered byhumans, but were used by them |
| Emic approach | inside view |
| Epidemiology | study of disease in populations over time |
| Ethnolinguistics | Examines the relationship between language and culture |
| Ethnocentrism | the belief that one’s cultural is superior to all others |
| Ethnography | the study of specific contemporary cultures |
| Ethnology | more general patterns of human behavior through cultural comparisons |
| Etic approach | outsider view |
| Features | are made or modified by people, but can’t be carried away by the archaeologists. Ex. foundations fireplace etc |
| Genetics | the study of inherited physical traits |
| Historical linguistics | study of emergence of language in general and how it’s changed over time |
| Holism | Holistic approach (whole approach) |
| Paleoanthropology | evolutionary stuff |
| Paleopathology | analysis of disease in ancient populations |
| Population biology | the study of interrelationships between population characteristics and environments |
| Primatology | studies focusing on our closest relatives, apes monkeys and shit |
| Race | groups of people who share genetic frequencies |
| Sociolinguistics | study of language and social relations |
| Race | groups of people who share genetic frequencies |
| Sociolinguistics | study of language and social relations |
| Adaptive nature of culture | adapting to different environments, culture will always adapt to nature |
| Acculturation | dissolving of a culture due to two societies living amongst each other with one being subordinate |
| Assimilation | subordinate group adapts to the dominant culture |
| Cultural diffusion | Hello the spreading of a thing and idea across different cultures done |
| Cultural universals | things that happen everywhere (may not look the same) |
| Culture shock | something so drastic to experience in a different culture |
| Enculturation | acquiring culture after we are born |
| Innovation | a new thing or idea in a society |
| Invention | same thing as above |
| Linked changes | changes that have a cause, like changes due to a technological advancement (cell phones) |
| Monochronic culture | precise, do one thing at a time, fairly strict |
| Polychronic culture | prefer to do many things at the same time |
| Organic analogy | make an analogy between a culture and a living organism |
| Pluralistic societies | societies composed of a number of different cultural groups (US) |
| Small-scale society | a society that has a small population, minimal technology, not highly stratified |
| Subculture | culture within culture |
| Symbol | yk representation |
| Applied anthropology | the application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to find a solution ot specific societal problems |
| Theoretical anthropology | making theories based on anthropological knowledge |
| Participant observation | observation of a person… |
| Problem-oriented research | Research corresponding to the solving of a problem |
| Theory | a statement that suggests a relationship among phenomena |
| Hypotheses | theories can generate these to be tested in an empirical research investigation |
| Savagery | the first of the three basic stages of cultural evolution theory, hunting and gathering (Three Stages of Evolution by Lewis Henry Morgan) |
| Barbarism | second stage of cultural evolution, planting technolog and stuff (Three Stages of Evolution by Lewis Henry Morgan) |
| Civilization | last stage of cultural evolution, language and societal structure (Three Stages of Evolution by Lewis Henry Morgan) |
| Franz Boas | intellectual founder of American historicism |
| Psychological Anthropology | subdiscipline of anthropology, look at relationship of cultures and such psychological phenomena as personality, cognition, and emotion |
| Diffusionism | humans were essentially uninventive, something was thought of |
| Feminist Anthropology | A theoretical approach that seeks to describe culture from a female perspective |
| Functionalism/Functional theory | a theory of social stratification that holds that social inequity exists because it is necessary for the maintenance of society |
| Structural Functionalism | by Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, examines how parts of a culture function for the well-being of society |
| Fieldwork | the practice in which an anthropologist is immersed in the daily life of a culture to collect data and test cultural hypotheses |
| Ethnography | anthropological work in a particular contemporary culture by direct fieldwork |
| Field notes | the daily descriptive notes during or after an observation of a specific phenomenon or activity |
| Analyzing data | one of five stages of fieldwork in which cultural anthropologists determine the meaning of data collection in the field |
| Collecting data | gathering information pertinent to the hypothesis |
| Research design | the overall strategy of conducting research |
| Interpreting data | the hardest stage of fieldwork in which anthropologists attempt to find meaning in the data they collected |
| Research proposal | A written proposal required for funding anthropological research that spells out in detail a research project’s purpose, hypotheses, methodology, and significance. |
| Research clearance | clearance from host country of the anthropologist to conduct fieldwork |
| Obtrusive effect | the presence of a research may cause people to not act as if they weren’t in the presence of a researcher |
| Unstructured interview | ethnographic, participants are asked broad, open-ended questions |
| Structured interview | ethnographic, large numbers of participants are asked a set of specific questions |
| Semi Structured interview | ethnographic, mix of those two duh |
| Census taking | the collection of demographic data of the participants being studied |
| Ethnographic mapping | A data-gathering tool that locates where the people being studied live, where they keep their livestock, where public buildings are located, and so on, to determine how that culture interacts with its environment. |
| Event analysis | photographic documentation of events such as weddings, funerals, and festivals of the culture being observed |
| Human Relation Area Files | MATTHEW LONGCORE, The world’s largest anthropological data retrieval system, used to test cross-cultural hypotheses. |
| Open system of communication | communication in which the user can create new sounds or words by combining two or more existing sounds or words |
| Syntax | the linguistic rules (think difference in programming languages) |
| Grammar | the systematic rules by which sounds are combined in a language to enable users to send more meaningful utterances |
| Historical linguistics | the branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages emerge and change over time |
| Cultural emphasis of language | the idea that vocabulary in any language tends to emphasis words that are adaptively important in that culture |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | the notion that a person’s language shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world |
| Code switching | when speakers of multiple languages combine words or elements of a language in a single conversation |
| Dialects | Regional or class variations of a language (english isn’t the same evrywehre, neithe ris spanish) |
| Nonverbal communication | the various means by which humans communicate without words (gestures, expressions etc) |
| Food desert | An area found in an urban setting with little or no access to grocery stores that offer fresh and affordable produce needed to maintain a healthy diet and tend to have many more fast food restaurants and convenience stores with limited, overpriced process |
| Carrying capacity | the maximum number of people a given society can support |
| Optimal foraging method | a theory that foragers pick certain foods that maximize their caloric intake |
| Locavore | a person who is committed to eating food grown locally |
| Horticulture | Small-scale crop cultivation characterized byt he use of simple techniques and lack of irrigation (gardens) |
| Pastoralism | a food strategy by use of animal husbandry (pasture) |
| Nomadism | movement pattern of pastoralists involving periodic migration of human populace to follow the animals |
| Intensive agriculture | a form of commodity production that requires intensive working of land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water control |
| Industrialization | a process resulting in the economic change of home production of goods to large-scale production |
| Peasentry | Rural peoples, usually very poor, who provide urban folks with food but have no power or wealth |
| Economics | academic discipline that focuses on systems of production, distribution, and consumption, typically in the industrialized world |
| Economic anthropology | A branch of the discipline of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption, wherever they may be found, but most often in the nonindustrialized world |
| Allocation of resources | a societies regulation of what resources go where and to who |
| Property rights | the western concept of individual ownership of land |
| Production | makin shit fr fr (natural goods to consumable goods) |
| Divisions of labor | the assignments of day to day tasks |
| Recirpocity | exchange of goods and services in order of equal amounts |
| Generalized reciprocity | giving a gift without expectation of something in return |
| Redistribtuion | goods and services donated to a central group then distributed back fairly, like a feast potluck |
| Standardized currency (mony) | a medium of exchange that is well-defined and understood value |
| Barter | the direct exchange of commodities between people that does not involve standardized currency (kinda like a trade) |
| Glboalization | The worldwide process, dating back to the fall of the Berlin Wall, that involves a revolution in information technology, a dramatic opening of markets, and the privatization of social services |
| Organic solidarity | interdependence |
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