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Earth Science
Freshman Earth Science: Chapter 15 Study Guide 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True statements about seawater. | Seawater contains dissolved substances that give it a salty taste. Sodium chloride, other salts, metals, and gases are dissolved in seawater. Every known naturally occurring element is found in at least trace amounts in seawater. |
| True or False: The average salinity of seawater is 35 percent. | False |
| Most of the salt in seawater is ______________, or common table salt. | Sodium chloride |
| What are two sources of dissolved substances in the ocean? | Chemical weathering and Earth's interior |
| How do elements from Earth's interior get into seawater? | Through Volcanic eruptions |
| What are four ways in which fresh water is naturally added to seawater, decreasing its salinity? | Icebergs , Precipitation, Run off, and rain |
| What are two natural processes that increase the salinity of seawater? | Evaporation and Formation of Sea ice |
| True or False: The ocean's surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of longitude. | False |
| Using the following graph, what temperature is seawater below 1500 m in the low latitudes? | 2 degrees Celsius |
| What is the temperature profile of seawater in the high latitudes, according to the graph? | 2 degrees Celsius |
| Ocean layers where there is a rapid change of density with depth. | Pycnocline |
| What are the two main factors that influence density of seawater? | Salinity and Temperature |
| True or False: Oceanographers generally recognize a three-layered structure in most parts of the open ocean: a shallow surface mixed zone, a transition zone, and a deep zone. | True |
| Plankton | Organisms that drift with ocean currents - ex: Bacteria |
| Phytoplankton | Performs photosynthesis-- diatoms |
| Zooplankton | Animal plankton -- Ex. Larval stages of many organisms such as fish |
| Nekton | All animals capable of moving Ex: Most adult fish and squid, salmon |
| Benthos | Organisms that live on or in the ocean bottom-- Ex. Sea Stars |
| What organisms directly or indirectly provide food for the majority of organisms? | Algae |
| How are marine organisms classified? | Marine organisms are classified according to where they live and how they move. |
| What are the three factors used to divide the ocean into distinct marine life zones? | The availability of sunlight; the distance from shore; and the water depth |
| What is true about life in the ocean? | In the euphotic zone, phytoplankton use sunlight to produce food.; Phytoplankton is the basis of most oceanic food webs.; The neritic zone covers about 5% of the world's ocean, but supports 90% of the commercial fisheries. |
| What is a hydrothermal vent? | Seawater seeps into the ocean floor through cracks in the crust, water than becomes super hot. |
| What is unusual about life and these hydrothermal vents? | No photosynthesis is there. |
| What are two examples of marine producers and six examples of marine consumers? | Producers: phytoplankton, larger algae such as seaweed, and bacteria. Consumers: Crabs, clams, sea stars, fish, dolphins, and whales. |
| Primary Productivity | The production of organic compounds from inorganic substances through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | The use of light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into energy-rich glucose molecules |
| Chemosynthesis | The process by which certain microorganisms create organic molecules from inorganic nutrients, using chemical energy |
| What two factors influence a region's photosynthetic productivity? | The availability of nutrients and the amount of solar radiation or sunlight |
| What limits photosynthetic productivity in polar areas? | Lack of nutrients |
| True or False: Productivity in tropical regions is unlimited because of the abundance of nutrients. | False |
| What limits productivity in tropical oceans? | Productivity is low because a permanent thermocline prevents the mixing between surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters. |
| Approximately what percentage of light energy absorbed by algae is changed into food and made available to herbivores? | 2 % |
| What percentage of energy is transferred from the sun to level 5? | .0002% |
Created by:
Briddgetr