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PHIL 120: Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the good life? | Value Theory |
| What are our fundamental moral duties? | Normative traits |
| What is the status of moral claims and advice? | Metaethics |
| A descriptive explanation of how people behave (Without implying their actions or beliefs are justified) | Descriptive Ethics |
| A prescription of what is ethically desirable. (An explanation of how people should act (in given situations)) | Normative Ethics |
| The set of moral beliefs shared by most everyone | Common Morality |
| The set of moral beliefs held by an individual | Personal Morality |
| The underlying universal principles for decision-making | Ethics |
| Lasting convictions people feel should be worked for (Sacrifice/Personal Identity) | Values |
| are any decisions involving moral values (Paper or plastic?/ Coming to class today?) | Moral choices |
| are situations in which 1. moral reasons come into conflict 2. the application of moral values are unclear | Ethical dilemmas |
| the only intrinsically valuable thing is happiness The Good Life is a Happy Life | Hedonism |
| Intrinsic valuable = happiness Intrinsically bad = unhappiness Instrumentally valuable = everything else that is valuable | Hedonism |
| Valuable because it helps us reach some further goal | Instrumental value |
| Valuable for its own sake If presence, by itself, makes us better off | Instrinsic value |
| Pleasurable feelings; momentary; relational | Physical pleasure |
| Positive attitude of enjoyment; sustained enjoyment; absolute | Attititudinal pleasure |
| It reduces of life to the pursuit of basis pleasure | Hedonism as a ‘philosophy of swine’ |
| If happiness is the only thing that directly makes us better off, then it is rational to single-mindedly pursue it. | The Paradox of Hedonism Argument |
| Some people get great pleasure from doing awful things If hedonism is true, then happiness that comes from evil deeds is as good as happiness that comes from kind and decent actions. | Evil pleasures and hedonism |
| If hedonism is true, then any two situations containing identical amounts of happiness and unhappiness are equally good. | The Two Worlds Objection |
| Happiness based on a lie is not equivalent to happiness based on truth If hedonism is true, then our lives go well to the extent that we are happy. | False Happiness and Hedonism |
| People value being able to make their own choices about the world; even more than the happiness those choices create | Autonomy |
| Acting in a way that is believed to protect or advance the interests of another person | Paternalism |
| Any value theory that claims that there are certain things that are good for all people | Objective Theories of Human Welfare |
| There is no universal authority (for the Good Life) | Desire Satisfaction Theory |
| There is a single ethical standard/approach/values that is applicable across all cultures | Ethical absolutism |
| Each culture has its own unique ethical standard/approach/values and it is wrong for us to judge different cultures by our standard | Ethical relativism |
| Each person’s beliefs are relative to that person alone | Ethical subjectivism |
| an explanation for why people will select to follow a set of values or behave morally | moral motivation |
| The satisfaction of desires for the well-being of others does not always make us better off. | Other-Regarding Desires |
| Focused on describing how different people hold different moral beliefs | Descriptive Ethical Relativism |
| Argues that we should allow (and value) the different ethical systems generated by different cultures | Normative Ethical Relativism |
| Just because people behave in a certain way does not mean that they ought to behave that way. | The Naturalistic Fallacy |
| Any position in ethics that claims that rightness or wrongness of actions depend on whether they correspond with God’s commands or not | Divine Command Theory |
| Ethics has an independent foundation, but when God’s commands conflict with the rules of morality, morality is overruled | Teleological Suspension of the Ethical |
| Ethics is based only on reason; religious directives are outside the realm of human understanding | Agnostic Autonomy of Ethics |
| Reason is the sole basis for all ethical understanding, even God’s understanding | Theistic Autonomy of Reason |
| Reason and religion are identical in content | Strong Compatibilist Theory |
| Reason and religion are distinct and different, but they can never contradict each other | Weak Compatibiliist Theory |
| Marx and Nietzsche's arguments that religion reduces our morality; MARX | Opiate of the People (Marx) Religion dulls the senses and lulls people into a false sense of security Undermines the motivation to bring about effective social change or remedy injustices |
| Marx and Nietzsche's arguments that religion reduces our morality; NIETZSCHE | Herd Morality/Slave Morality (Nietzsche) It prevents genuine morality of strength |
| Actions are right just because they are natural and wrong just because they are unnatural. People are good or bad to the extent that they fulfill their true nature—the more they fulfill their true nature, the better they are. | Natural Law Theory |
| Our proper concern should be to work unselfishly for the well-being of all humanity | Altruism |
| Any being that counts in our moral calculations, and can be held responsible for their actions | Moral Agents |
| Any being that counts in our moral calculations, but is not held to the same level of responsibility as moral agents | Moral Patients |
| holds that every act is motivated by self-interest | Psychological Egoism |
| is the only basic principle of human nature | Self-love |
| Genuine self- interests vs Apparent self-interests | Genuine: Those interests that are ACTUALLY in a person’s self-interest Apparent: Those interests that a person BELIEVES are in their self-interest |
| The self that seeks pleasure and tries to avoid pain Largely unconscious self Situated in the present and the immediate future | Hedonistic self |
| The self that is part of a narrative/plan That which promotes individual projects | Project bearing self |
| Acts are morally right just because they maximize the amount of goodness in the world. | Consequentialism |
| tells us that we should always act in our own self-interest | Ethical egoism |
| The most effective way of making everyone better off is for each person to mind his own business, and tend to only his needs | The Self-Reliance Argument |
| We ought to maximize the overall good, taking into account all those affected by our actions “The greatest good (utility) for the greatest number of people” | Utilitarianism |
| Humans should make decisions that have pleasure and avoid pain | Hedonistic Utilitarianism |
| The standard should be Happiness, not pleasure | Eudaimonistic Utilitarianism |
| Instead of pursuing pleasure or happiness, the standard should be individual preferences | Preference Utilitarianism |
| Happiness vs Pleasure | 1. Mind/Spirit, not purely physical 2. Long-term duration, rather than short-term 3. Includes both pleasure & pain, not just pleasure 4. People who have experiences both, will always choose happiness over pleasure |
| a unit of positive utility (happiness) | Hedons |
| a unit of negative utility (suffering) | Dolars |
| Expected versus actual results within utilitarianism | Most utilitarians claim: The rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its actual results, not its expected results. Intentions are good or bad based on whether they are reasonably expected to yield good results. |
| is the most prominent version of consequentialism. there is one ultimate moral standard: the principle of utility. | Act utilitarianism |
| Focuses on generating and evaluating general rules like AU, the focus is on the consequences of the decisions | Rule utilitarianism |
| An action is morally required just because it does more to improve overall well-being than any other action you could have done in the circumstances. | The principle of utility |
| The problem of impartiality within utilitarianism | Utilitarianism requires that everyone's interests be considered equally. One is not allowed to weigh the interests of loved ones more heavily than the interests of total strangers. |
| The problem of emotions for utilitarianism | Utilitarianism rejects the idea that emotions play any role in moral decision-making Emotions are the problem with bad decisions Utilitarianism cannot help us distinguish between justified and unjustified emotions |
| Arguments that utilitarianism is too demanding | Deliberation: complicated calculations that are difficult to perform Motivation: seems to require us to be benevolent and selfless at all times Action: forbids actions as going on vacation when the money would do more good when donated to charity |
| Praiseworthy actions that are above and beyond the call of duty (Ex: bystander going into burning building) | Supererogatory actions |
Created by:
Edens