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Sociology chap 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| interactions are emotion-based | Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group? |
| the people working together in the same department | Which of these is the best example of a primary group? |
| formal organization | A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals. |
| a self-fulfilling prophecy | Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________. |
| macrolevel | At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms. |
| status | A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position. |
| face-saving behavior | Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation. |
| role conflict | Charles has a final exam at a time when he is supposed to be working. Same evening, his gf wants him to watch a movie. Finally, his mother asks him to be home bc his father is in emergency. Sociologists would say that Charles is experiencing __________. |
| husband | Which of these is an example of an achieved status? |
| mechanical solidarity | Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. |
| role strain | Carlos is a freshman at the local college. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _________. |
| definition of the situation | We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly. |
| status symbols | Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has “made it,” and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________. |
| Conflict | __________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. |
| macro view | Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation. |
| role | The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________. |
| feeling rules | Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. |
| master | Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status. |
| What holds societies together? | As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________. |
| developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies. | Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________. |
| dramaturgical analysis | The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. |
| conflict | From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone. |
| Functionalist | __________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. |
| values and beliefs | Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure? |
| a sociology class | Which of these is the best example of a secondary group? |
| ethnomethodologists | According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking? |
| secondary | Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups. |
| Role exit | __________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity. |
| social construction of reality | symb. interaction theorists believe that there's very little shared reality beyond which socially created. They refer this as __, which is the process by our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. |
| a social script | When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, “Hi, I’m Matt. I’ll be taking care of you today.” This is an example of __________. |
| Conflict | __________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society. |
| Gesellschaft | Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values. |
| ascribed | A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender. |
| it is not essential for individual well-being | All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. |
| occupation | What do most men consider to be their master status? |
| travel | Which of these is not considered to be a social institution? |
| more common for women than for men | Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________. |
| role conflict | Recent research indicates that female student–athletes have their own ways of dealing with the “female/athlete paradox,” which is an example of __________. |
| role ambiguity | It is not always clear when the provider–dependent aspect of the parent–child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________. |
| social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society | Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________. |
| role ambiguity | __________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear. |
| organic solidarity | The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence. |
| secondary group | Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. |
| interaction order | This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this. |
| require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind | All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________. |
| role performance | For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role. |
| Gemeinschaft | Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. |
| role | A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. |
| social network | The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________. |
| status set | Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________. |
| statuses | Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________. |
| social institution | A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. |
| role distancing | _________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance. |
| social institutions | The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________. |
| social interaction | The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________. |
| social solidarity | _________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time. |
Created by:
uho2003