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Unit 6 (1-77)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecumene | the permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface |
| Rural | areas (farms and villages) with low concentrations of people |
| Urban | areas (cities) with high concentrations of people |
| Suburbs | that are primarily residential areas near cities |
| Settlement | a place with a permanent human population |
| Factors driving urbanization | presence of an agricultural surplus, rise of social stratification and a leadership class or urban elite, beginning of job specialization |
| Urbanization | The process of developing towns and cities |
| Percent Urban | an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas. |
| Site | describes the characteristics at the immediate location—for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human structures. |
| Situation | refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Examples would include near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad. |
| City-state | consisted of an urban center (the city) and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages. had its own political system and functioned independently |
| Urban hearth (historical examples) | associated with defensible sites and river valleys where seasonal floods,good soils allowed for an agricultural surplus -> Tigris-Euphrates Valley(Mesopotamia) Iraq, Nile River valley and delta Egypt, Indus river valley pakistan, Huang-He floodplain China |
| Urban area | usually defined as a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs. |
| City | a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries. |
| Metropolitan Area (metro area) | A collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density is high and continuous |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | Another way to define a city that consists of a city of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core. |
| Micropolitan Statistical Area | cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration. |
| Nodal region | focal point in a matrix of connections. |
| Morphology | physical characteristics, such as the buildings, streets, public places, and home |
| Population characteristics of cities (3) | social heterogeneity is particularly high in cities, meaning that the population of cities, as compared to other areas, contains a greater variety of people. Immigration and Diversity. |
| Time-space compression | Urban areas have expanded as trains, buses, and cars have enabled people to move farther from the center of the city, but still visit or work in the city. In the form of transportation improvements. Internet |
| Borchert’s Transportation Model (chart) | Sail Wagon -> 1790-1830: water ports, poor roads; Iron Horse -> 1830-1870: steam boats, regional rails, rail transport of material; Steel Rail -> 1870-1920: transcontinental rails, cities along rails; Auto-Air-Amenity -> 1920-1970: personal cars, airports |
| Transportation impacts on cities | Pedestrian->horse and buggy->Street car systems->urban rail systems |
| Pedestrian Cities | cities shaped by the distances people could walk |
| Streetcar suburbs | communities that grew up along rail lines |
| Communications impacts on cities | telecommunication technology developed—with the telegraph, telephone, cell phones, and the Internet— early adopting cities benefitted. |
| Population and migration impacts on cities | Cities promise the hope of economic opportunities and cultural freedoms. Many pull factors leading to rural-to-urban migration greatly. Can have substandard housing, overcrowding, and stressed infrastructure. |
| Economic development and government policies impacts on cities | Cities can have a variety of different functions and economic emphases. Cities in the Midwest were often focused on attracting manufacturing jobs. loans, less tax, cheap land. |
| Suburbanization | involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities |
| Causes of USA suburbanization | economic expansion, greater purchasing power for many families, the growth of a car-centered lifestyle, and the government's construction of a vast system of new highways. Government subsidies for moving. |
| Boombergs | rapidly growing communities (over 10 percent per 10 years), have a total population of over 100,000 people, and are not the largest city in the metro area. |
| Edge Cities | nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities. usually have tall office buildings, a concentration of retail shops, relatively few residences, and are located at the junction of major transportation routes. |
| Counterurbanization (deurbanization) | counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities |
| Exurbs | prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs |
| Megacities | have a population of more than 10 million people. |
| Metacities | continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people and attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system |
| Megalopolis | describes a chain of connected cities |
| Conurbation | an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities. |
| Trend of urbanization in the developing world | megacities have become more common in less-developed countries because of high birth rates and increased rural-to-urban migration. |
| World Cities (global cities) | New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris. exert influence far beyond their national boundaries. All are currently media hubs and financial centers with influential stock exchanges, banks, and corporate headquarters. |
| Urban hierarchy | ranking, based on influence or population size |
| Top 10 World Cities 2020 | London, NYC, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore, Amsterdam, Berlin, Seoul, Hong Kong, Shanghai. |
| Nodal Cities | command centers on a regional and occasionally national level. Cities like Denver, Phoenix, or Minneapolis are not as influential as world cities but possess significant power within a region of the country. |
| Urban systems | an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale. |
| Rank-size Rule | It states that the nth largest city in any region will be l/n the size of the largest city. That is, that the rank of a city within an urban system will predict the size of the city. |
| High-order services | usually expensive, need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized. Examples include major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships, and large specialized research hospitals. |
| Low-order services | usually less expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support, and are used on a daily or weekly basis. Examples include gas stations, local grocery stores, or small restaurants. |
| Primate Cities | If the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city, the largest city is said to have primacy. more developed than other cities in the system, and consequently, disproportionately more powerful. |
| Gravity Model | states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other. |
| Central Place Theory (CPT) | explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. The model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain the distribution of settlements. larger cities farther spaced than smaller town or villages. |
| Central Place | a location where people go to receive goods and services. |
| Market Area | zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services surrounding each central place |
| Hinterland | people living in the corners would be farther from the central place—and a circle—in which there would be overlapping areas of service. |
| Threshold | The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable |
| Range | The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services is range. |
| Limitations of CPT | A limitation of the model is that it assumes a flat, featureless plain. It does not take into account the effects of natural landscapes of rivers, mountains, or other barriers on the distribution of cities. Transport too |
| Expected changes in US cities | movement to enclaves of new urbanist designs, reduced friction of distance, continued immigration. Voluntary segregation. # of Ethnic Neighborhoods flourish. |
| Exp. changes in Asia and Africa | Get Larger, offer migration rural to urban, continues to expand but can have issues. |
| Function of urban models (3) | classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas, describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially, offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses. |
| Functional zonation | the idea that portions of an urban area—regions, or zones, within the city—have specific and distinct purposes. |
| Central Business District (CBD) | the commercial heart of a city. Often located near the physical center of a city, or the crossroads where the city was founded, this is the focus of transportation and services. (Market) |
| Bid-Rent Theory | explains agricultural land use, just as it helps explain land use in central business districts. land in the center of a city will have higher value than land farther away from the city's center. |
| Industrial/commercial Zones | land in the center of a city will have higher value than land farther away from the city's center. may include manufacturing, warehousing, and .transportation |
| Commensal relationship | when commercial interests benefit each other |
| Residential Zones | areas where people live |
| Concentric Zone Model | describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district. (Burgess model) first ring is transition zone mixes industrial & low housing. next 3 rings are residential. working class->more expensive->large expensive high-quality homes |
| Sector Model | (Hoyt's Model) described how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city's history. Each grew outward as the city expanded, creating wedges, or sectors of land use, rather than rings. |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | (Harris and Ullman)suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes. each node either attracted or repelled certain types of activities. creates city consisting of patchwork of land uses, each with its own center, or nucleus. |
| Peripheral Model | a variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway. |
| Galactic City Model | an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As suburbs grew, they took on some CBD functions. (Influenced by better transportation ) |
| European Cities Characteristics | dense mix of commercial and residential land use, functional zonation, historic urban cores prohibit constriction, low rise apartments, walkable lifestyle due to commercial mix, more tall buildings, International migration reflecting colonial heritage. |
| Middle Eastern/Islamic Cities Char. | Central mosque with 1+ minarets surrounded by structures to serve public like schools,citadel with roads connecting to center and surrounded by markets(suqs) bid rent,ethnicity differences, twist streets, courtyards, small windows, private shady areas. |
| Griffin-Ford Model (Latin America) | used to describe Latin American cities.It places a two-part CBD at the center of the city—a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center. most desirable housing in the city is located there, next to the developed center of the city. |
| Barrios/Favelas/Shantytowns | marked by extreme poverty, poorly built homes, homelessness, and lawlessness. Most favelas are in disamenity zones, areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals. |
| Characteristic of African Cities | Traditional CBD, Colonial CBD, Informal economy zone with periodic markets, mining and manufacturing found in cities, Residential zones based on ethnicity, squatter settlements -> figuratively shady areas ex. Kibera. |
| Squatter Settlements | often lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage. Similar to Latin American favelas, they face problems with drugs, crime, and disease.1 of largest squatter settlements in the world is Kibera, on the western edge of Nairobi, Kenya. |
| Characteristic of SE Asian Cities | (McGee Model) focus of modern city often a former colonial port zone -> export oriented zone similar to NA, might include a gov't zone with ambassadors and foreign merchants , market gardening belt around these cities, Chinese interest in SEA-industrial |
Created by:
AAOS