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Earth Science
Freshman Earth Science: Chapter 14 Study Guide 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oceanography | is a science that draws on the methods and knowledge of geology, chemistry, physics, and biology to study all aspects of the world oceans. |
| Bathymetry | Is the measure of ocean depths and the charting of topography of the ocean floor. |
| Sonar | Sonar is an acronym for sound navigation and ranging sonar is used to measure ocean depths by transmitting sound waves towards the ocean bottom. |
| Submersible | Is a small under water craft used for deep-sea research. They are used to collect data about areas of the ocean that were previously unreachable. |
| True or False: The science of oceanography includes the study of the geological, chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of the world ocean. | True |
| What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by the global ocean? | 71% |
| Shallowest Ocean | Arctic |
| Located almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere | Indian |
| About half the size of the Pacific | Atlantic |
| Largest and deepest ocean | Pacific |
| True or False: The ocean floor's topography is much less diverse than that of the continents. | False |
| What do scientists call the charting of the ocean floor and the measurement of its depths? | Bathymetry |
| Electric depth-sounding equipment called _________ allowed scientists in the 1920s and later to precisely measure ocean depth. | Sonar |
| How are satellites used to measure ocean surface height? | Satellites use microwaves to measure the ocean surface height. |
| True or False: Submersibles make it possible for scientist to collect data from areas of the ocean that were previously unreachable. | True |
| What are the three ocean floor regions that have their own unique characteristics? | Continental margins, the ocean basin floor, and the mid-ocean ridge. |
| A(n) __________ can best be described as a transition zone between an ocean basin floor and a continent. | Continental margin |
| What covers the Atlantic Ocean's continental margin? | Thick layers of undisturbed sediment |
| True or False: The continental margin of the Pacific Ocean has very little volcanic or earthquake activity. | False |
| What is the occasional movements down the continental slope of dense water rich in sediment. | Turbidity currents |
| True or False: The area covered by the ocean basin floor is comparable to the percentage of land on Earth's surface that is above sea level. | True |
| Submerged volcanic peak | Seamount |
| Submerged, flat-topped peak | Guyout |
| Crease in the ocean floor formed where one plate plunges beneath another | Trench |
| Flat feature formed when suspended sediments settle from turbidity currents | Abyssal plain |
| What is the location where new ocean floor forms. | Mid-ocean ridge |
| ____________ is the moving apart of two plates at divergent plate boundaries. | Seafloor spreading |
| True or false: In general, as you move from the continental shelf toward the deep-ocean floor, sediments become coarser. | False |
| What is the usual amount of seafloor sediments in a given location. | About 500 to 1000 m |
| What are the three categories of ocean floor sediments. | Terrigenous sediment, Biogenous sediment, and Hydrogenous sediment |
| Crystallizes directly from ocean water through chemical reactions. | Hydrogenous |
| Accumulates on the ocean floor after erosion and transportation from land | Terrigenous |
| Accumulates on the ocean floor when marine animals and algae die and their hard parts sink. | Biogenous |
| Biogenous sediment called _____________ consists mostly of shells of radiolarians and diatoms. | Siliceous ooze |
| What is the material that, when buried and hardened, becomes a type of limestone. | Calcium carbonates |
| Ocean sediment made up of the calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms is called ___________. | Calcareous ooze |
| True or False: Ocean-floor sediments are usually mixtures of the various mixtures of the various sediment types. | True |
| What is the main energy products currently being obtained from the seafloor. | Natural gas and oil |
| The source of today's natural gas and oil deposits is the ancient remains of microscopic ______________. | Organisms |
| True or False: The majority of the world's oil is produced from ocean floor resources. | False |
| What is one environmental concern about offshore petroleum exploration? | Oil spills |
| Compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas under the ocean floor are called ______________. | Gas hydrates |
| How do gas hydrates form? | When bacteria break down organic matter trapped in ocean floor sediments. |
| True or false: When brought up from the ocean floor to the ocean surface, gas hydrates rapidly break down. | True |
| What is the method of obtaining sand and gravel from the ocean. | Mining with suction devices |
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Briddgetr