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Radiation Biology E1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What are the two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range? | Compton scattering photoelectric effect |
| 2. Name an interaction that will not cause ionization | coherent |
| 3. Name an outer shell interaction that causes ionization | Compton |
| 4. Name an inner shell interaction that causes ionization | photoelectric |
| 5. Name an interaction in which the incoming photon uses all of its energy | photoelectric |
| 6. Name an interaction in which the incoming photon uses only a percentage of its energy | compton |
| 7. Name a wide-angle scatter | Compton 0-180 degree angle |
| 8. Which interaction causes backscatter? | Compton 67% at 90kvp |
| 10. Name an interaction that causes total absorption of the incoming photon | photoelectric |
| 11. Name the interactions that occur in diagnostic radiography | Compton photoelectric |
| 12. Name the interactions that do not occur in diagnostic radiography | coherent pair production photodisintigration |
| 13. What is the energy requirement for pair productions | above 1.02 MeV |
| 14. What are the energy requirements for photodisintegration? | above 10 MeV |
| 15. Explain the effect of atomic number and mass density of tissue on the differential absorption. | The provability of interaction is proportional to the mass density. |
| 16. Arrange in the order of increasing tissue mass density: fat, soft tissue, bone, air. | air fat soft tissue bone |
| 17. Which interaction is responsible for the majority of fog in diagnostic radiography? | Compton scatter |
| 18. Explain antimatter reaction (Annihilation) | the positron from the Pair Production unites with a free electron, and the mass of both particles is converted to energy. Both particles disappear, releasing two photons with an energy of 0.51 MeV. |
| 19. Learn how to calculate the energy of characteristic radiation from binding energies | Binding Energy 1 – Binding Energy |
| 20. What are the by-products of photoelectric interaction? | free electron (ionized) characteristic photon |
| 21. What are the factors that affect differential absorption? | atomic number energy of xray beam |
| 22. Explain how the usage of contrast material affects differential absorption, Compton interaction, and photoelectric interactions | The contrast has a high atomic number, which increments the number of photons that interact with the contrast and is absorbed or scattered out. |
| 23. Name the two nucleic acids in the cell | dna deoxyribonucleic acid (boss) rna ribonucleic acid (messager) |
| 24. Which is the most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell? | dna |
| 25. Where is DNA located? Where is RNA located? | dna = nucleus rna = principally in the cytoplasm |
| 26. Describe metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism | • Metabolism: the combined effect of catabolism and anabolism. • Catabolism: macromolecules break down into smaller units. Water and carbon dioxide are end products in catabolism. • Anabolism: the production of large molecules from small molecules. |
| 27. What are the two major parts of the cell? | nucleus cytoplasm |
| 28. What is known as the powerhouse of the cell? | mitochondria |
| 29. What is known as the suicide bags in the cell? | lysosomes |
| 30. What are the communication channels in the cell? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| 31. What is a codon? | dna or rna sequence of trinucleotide |
| 32. Name the cell division of somatic cells and genetic cells. | • Mitosis: division of somatic cells. • Meiosis: division of genetic cells. |
| 33. What are the stages of somatic cell division? | • Stages of Mitosis: o Prophase o Metaphase o Anaphase o Telophase |
| 34. Explain the stages of interphase | • Interphase: cell cycle between mitotic events. The period of growth of the cell between divisions. • Stages of interphase: o G1: Pre-DNA synthesis phase. o S: DNA synthesis phase. o G2: Post DNA synthesis gap. |
| 35. Radiation-induced radiation damage is analyzed in __________________stage | metaphase |
| 36. Study the radiation sensitivity of various tissues and organs. | |
| 37. Human cells are most radiosensitive during the _______ phase of the cell cycle. | mitosis |
| 38. What are purines and pyrimidines? | • Four nitrogenous Bases: o Purines – Adenine and Guanine o Pyrimidines – Thymine and Cytosine |
| 39. What are the functions of mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum? | • Mitochondria (power energy of the cell): Produce energy • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis • Endoplasmic reticulum: communication channels • Lysosomes (suicide bag): digestion of cellular fragments |
| 40. The process of cell meiosis results in cells with ____________ chromosomes each. | 23 |
| 41. What are stem cells, precursor cells, and undifferentiated cells? | Immature cells |
| 42. The lowest amount of radioactivity, to which the most highly radiosensitive tissues will respond, is ____________ rads. | 200-1000 |
| 43. What is the most radiosensitive tissue in the body? | Lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes) (found in the bone marrow) |
| 44. Explain The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau. | • Basically, the law states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue varies with maturation and metabolism • The most sensitive cells are the stem cells, they have rapid division and they’re not specialized. |
| 45. The rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue is known as_______________ | linear energy transfer (let) |
| 46. What is linear energy transfer? | Is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue. It’s another method of expressing radiation quality. • When the LET is high more ionization occurs. |
| 47. What is the definition of RBE? | is the ratio of the dose of standard radiation necessary to produce a given effect to the dose of test radiation necessary to produce the same effect. ( compares the radiation inside the body and its effect.) |
| 48. What is the relationship between LET and RBE? | Radiation with higher LET has a higher RBE. |
| 49. What is the relationship between LET and OER? | As OER increases, LET decreases |
| 50. What is the relationship between LET and RBE | directly proportional |
| 51. Explain protraction and fractionation | • Protraction: dose is said to be protracted, if the dose is delivered continuously but at a lower rate. • Dose is said to be fractionated if the dose is delivered over a period of time at equal intervals and at the same dose rate. |
| 52. What is the LET of diagnostic x-ray? | 3 keV/micrometer |
| 53. What is the RBE of diagnostic x-ray? | 1 |
| 54. What is the RBE of alpha particle? | 20 |
| 55. Explain the effect of oxygen in radiosensitivity | • Radiosensitivity increases as the oxygen amount increases. o More sensitive under aerobic conditions o Less sensitive under hypoxic conditions |
| 56. What is radiation hormesis? | • Radiobiologic evidence suggests that a little bit of radiation is good for you. A little radiation stimulates hormonal and immune responses to other toxic environmental agents. |
| 57. Identify the following type of dose-response relationship on a graph. | |
| 58. Radiation-induced genetic damage follows ____________________ dose-response relationship | • Non-deterministic (stochastic) • They’re usually linear non-threshold |
| 59. Explain stochastic and nonstochastic effects. Give examples | •Stochastic = non-deterministic: responses usually follow low radiation exposure& appear as ate radiation response. leukemia, genetic effects, cataracts, hair loss.• Non-stochastic = deterministic: responses usually follow high-dose exposure acute syndro |
| 60. Explain main chain scission. What happens to viscosity? | • Breakage of the backbone of the long chain of macromolecules. • Changes long single molecules into many smaller molecules. • Reduces the viscosity of the molecular solution |
| 61. What is the most radiosensitive macromolecule? | dna |
| 62. Radiation damage to DNA can result in | A) Cell death B) Malignant diseases C) Generic damages |
| 63. Explain point lesions | Change or loss of the base. Transfer incorrect genetic information. Creates an abnormal gen. |
| 64. How does cross-linking affect the viscosity of the molecular solution? | • Increases the viscosity • Spur-like side structures extend off the main chain. • Behave as sticky substances and attach to a neighboring macromolecule or another segment of the same molecule |
| 65. Explain direct and indirect effects. Which one occurs more often? | • Direct: Initial ionization occurs in DNA (radiation interacts with DNA) • Indirect: occurs the ionization out of the DNA (water). (Radiation interacts with the water molecule). This one occurs more often cuz 80% of the body is water. |
| 66. What is the radiolysis of water? What is a free radical? | • Radiolysis of water: Dissociation of water molecules by ionizing radiation. The radiolysis of water results in the formation of ions and free radicals. • Free radical: uncharged molecules containing a single unpaired electron in the outer shell. (Fr |
| 67. What are the substances produced during the radiolysis of water? | • H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) • HO*2 (hydroperoxyl radical |
| 68. The lethal effects of cell irradiation are measured by ________________ | cell survival |
| 69. Explain stochastic and non-stochastic effects with examples. | • Stochastic: Such responses usually follow low radiation exposure and appear as late radiation responses. • Non-stochastic (Deterministic): these radiation responses usually follow high-dose exposure and early response |
| 70. Effect of cross-linking on the viscosity of the solution. | • Spur-like side structures extending off the main chain. • Behave as sticky substances and attach to a neighboring macromolecule or another segment of the same molecule. • Increases the viscosity of the molecular solution |
| 71. What is the shape of a DNA | |
| 72. Irradiation of mammalian cells with high LET radiation follows single target single hit model. | |
| 73. The single-target, single-hit model of radiation-induced cell death applies to simple cells only | |
| 1. What is the definition of acute radiation syndrome? | The sequence of events that follow high level radiation exposure leading to death within days or weeks is called the acute radiation syndrome. |
| 2. What are the three stages of acute radiation syndrome? | Prodromal period, Latent period, Manifest illness |
| 3. What are the three forms of acute radiation syndrome? | Hematopoietic syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome, Cerebrovascular syndrome (Central Nervous System Syndrome) |
| 4. what is the dose range of the 3 forms of ARS | 2 - 10 Gy (200 – 1000 rads) 10 – 50 Gy (1000 – 5000rads) Above 50 Gy (5000 rad) |
| 6. What is the cause of death in CNS? | Elevated fluid content in the brain |
| 7. What is the meaning of LD 50/60? | 50% of the irradiated people die in 60 days |
| 8. What is the minimum dose to cause LD 50/60? | 350 rad |
| 9. Acute radiation syndrome follows a ________________ dose response relationship | Non linear threshold |
| 10. What is mean survival time? | Average time between exposure and death |
| is the shrinkage of an organ or tissue caused by cell death. | atrophy |
| 12. Reddening of the skin caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is known as | erythema |
| 13. Falling of the hair caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is known as | epilation |
| 14. A single dose of _________________ cause erythema | (3-10gy(300-1000) |
| 15. Radiation dose on skin follow a _________dose response relationship | nonlinear threshold |
| what is grenz ray | soft X-rays 10-20kvp |
| 17. ________________ rad results in temporary sterility | 200 rad |
| 18. ________________ rad produce permanent sterility | 500 rad |
| 19. The most radiosensitive cell during female germ cell development is the ________________ in the mature follicle | oocyte |
| 20. The _ and the ____are the most radiosensitive cells in the body. | (Lymphocytes and Spermatogonia) |
| is the study of the genetics of cells, particularly cell chromosomes | cytogenetic |
| 22. Radiation induced chromosome aberrations follow a ________dose response relationship | non threshold |
| 23. Cataract usually occur on the ___________________ of the lens | posterior pole |
| 24. Cataract follows a _______ dose response relationship | Non linear threshold |
| 25. What is the threshold dose for cataract? | 200 rad) 1000 rad if fractionated |
| 26. Lens dose in CT Scan is ____ | 5 rad/slice |
| 27. Humans can lose _____days for every ________of radiation they receive | 10 days, 1 rad |
| 28. Leukemia follows a ________dose-response relationship | Linear non threshold |
| 29. Leukemia has a latency period of _____years and a risk period of _____years | 4-7, 20 |
| Trimester during pregnancy is the most radio-sensitive period | 1st |
| 31. Explain “all or nothing” principle | Spontaneous abortion or no effect |
| 32. Amount of radiation that causes the number of mutations in a population to double is | doubling dose |
| 33. Doubling dose for humans are ____ | 50 to 250 rads |
| 34. Single hit aberrations are produced with a ___dose response relationship | linear non threshold |
| 35. Multi hit aberrations are produced with a ____dose response relationship. | nonlinear non threshold |
| 36. What is radiation hormesis | Small amount of radiation is beneficial |
| 37. What is the traditional unit of exposure in air | roentgen |
| 38. What is the SI unit of exposure in air | coloumbs per kg |
| 40. What is the traditional unit of absorbed dose | rad |
| 41. What is the SI unit of absorbed dose | gray |
| 43. The energy transfer of 100 ergs per gram of an absorbing material is known as | rad |
| 44. The energy transfer of 1 joule per Kg of the irradiated material is known as | gray |
| 45. What is KERMA stands for | Kinetic Energy Released in Matter |
| 46. What is the traditional unit of dose equivalent | rem |
| 47. What is the SI unit of dose equivalent? | sievert |
| 49. What is the definition of rem? | Rem is defined as the quantity of any ionizing radiation that has the same biologic effectiveness of one rad of x-rays |
| 50. What is the traditional unit of occupational exposure | rem |
| 51. What is the SI unit of occupational exposure | sievert |
| 55. What is collective equivalent dose? | Average effective dose of an individual belonging to the exposed population X the number of persons exposed. |
| 56. What is the unit of collective equivalent dose | person-sievert |
| 57. The rate at which energy is deposited in the form of a charged particle or ion pairs as it travels through matter is known as ______________ | LET |
| 58. What is the traditional unit of radioactivity | curie |
| 59. What is the SI unit of radioactivity? | becquerel |
| 61. Becquerel is defined as ______________ decay per second of any radioactive substance | 1 |
| 62. What is half life? | Time to reduce original radioactivity by 50% |
| 63. Which of the following is not a stage of somatic cell division? | Nanophase |
| 64. Where the majority of RNA molecules would be found in a human cell? | Nucleolus |
| 65. What is the name of the stage of cell division that is commonly referred to as the resting stage? | Interphase |
| 66. Which of the following interactions will NOT result in scatter photon? | Photoelectric absorption |
| 67. An alteration in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule will result in which of the following? | A mutation |
| 68. How much radiation exposure does it take to have a lethal dose where 50 % of the humans would die within 60 days? | 300 to 400 R |
| 69. Which of the following refers to the fact that different types of radiation have different biological effects? | RBE (Relative biologic effectiveness) |
| 70. Which of the following type of radiation is most penetrating? | Gamma rays |
| 71. The Becquerel (curie) is a measurement of which of the following? | Number of disintegrations per second |
| 72. Which of the following measurements is equal to 1 joule per kilogram? | Gray (Gy) |
| 73. The time it takes for a radioactive material to have ½ of its atoms disintegrate is known as what? | Half life |
| 74. Which of the following is a measure of the rate of energy loss along the track of an ionizing particle? | LET (Linear Energy Transfer) |
| 75. What is the process of cell division of somatic cells called? | Mitosis (Two daughter cells/Somatic cells) |
| 76. The somatic effects of radiation refer to which of the following? | Exposure to body tissues |
| 77. If the exposure rate is 10 R/minute at 40 inches, what will be the rate at 20 inches? | 40 R/minute |
| 78. Which of the following would describe the shape of a DNA molecule? | Double helix |
| 79. Which of the following refers to the amount of ionizing radiation energy transferred by any type of radiation to any target material? | Gray (Gy) |
| 80. The quality of an x-ray beam can be measured by which of the following methods? | Half Life |
| 81. Which of the following types of tissue will absorb the most radiation? | Bone |
| 82. What do the letters LET stand for? | Linear energy transfer |
| 83. Radiation damage depends on which of the following? 1. Absorbed dose 2. Type of radiation 3. Size of area exposed | 1, 2, & 3 |
| 84. Ionization can result from which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue? 1. Photoelectric absorption 2. Compton effect 3. Coherent scatter | 1 & 2 only |
| 85. Which of the following are possible long term somatic effects of ionizing radiation? 1. Life span shortening 2. Malignant neoplasm 3. Blood deficiencies | 1, 2, & 3 |
| 86. The information that cells require for metabolism is coded in which of the following? | DNA molecule |
| 87. What is the process of cell division of the reproductive cells called? | Meiosis (Four Daughter cells/Genetic cells) |
| 88. Which of the following interactions will occur in the diagnostic x-ray range? Coherent scatter Compton Effect Photoelectric absorption All of the above | All of the above |
| 89. Which of the following would not occur from a significant exposure to radiation? | immunity to radiation damage |
| 90. Which of the following stages of cell division is considered to be the most radiosensitive? | Metaphase |
| 91. Early radiation therapy treatments for acne, tonsillitis etc., has resulted in some cases of what? | Thyroid Cancer |
| 92. How many half value layers are required to reduce a 100R/minute exposure rate to 25R/minute? | 2 |
| 93. How will oxygen retention affect the radio-sensitivity of a cell? | Radiosensitivity will increase |
| 94. The Geiger counter is capable of detecting which of the following type(s) of radiation? Xrays Gamma Rays Beta particles All of the above | All of the above |
| 95. Which of the following is the unit of measuring the activity of a radionuclide? | Curie |
| 96. Which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue results in the complete absorption of the photon? 1. Photoelectric absorption 2. Compton effect 3. Coherent scatter | 1 only |
| 97. The small segments of the DNA molecule that determine the characteristics of each cell are called what? | Genes |
| 98. How many matched pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell contain? | 23 |
| 99. Which of the following is considered the unit of heredity? | The gene |
| 100. Where do the metabolic functions of a cell take place? | Cytoplasm |
| 101. Human cells are divided into two classifications. They are genetic cells and ____ cells. | Somatic Cells |
| 102. A measure of the number of ion pairs produced in air by a quantity of x-rays defines which of these? | Coloumbs/Kg |
| 103. Which of the following types of radiation is classified as electromagnetic? 1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Gamma | 3 only |
| 104. During mitosis, each chromosome splits in half. What are the two halves called? | Chromatids |
| 105. The probability of photoelectric absorption occurring increases with an increase in which of the following? | Atomic Number of material |
| 106. Which of the following cells would be affected by a relatively small amount of radiation exposure? | Leukocyte |
| 107. What is the amount of radiation necessary to produce a noticeable skin reaction called? | Erythema dose |
| 108. Radiation exposure has been linked as a cause of which of the following malignant diseases? 1. Leukemia 2. Skin cancer 3. Thyroid cancer | 1, 2 , & 3 |
| 109. Which of the following is the most sensitive to radiation? | Lymphoid Tissue |
| 110. What should be the probable result of any major radiation exposure during the first few days of pregnancy? | Prenatal Death |
| 111. Which of the following is the major function of the process of meiosis? | Reduce number of chromosomes by Half |
| 112. What do the letters GSD stand for? | Genetically significant dose |
| 113. Where will most of a cells genetic information are found? | Nucleus |
| 114. A reddening of the skin due to radiation damage is called what? | Erythema |
| 115. Irradiation of which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells | Bone marrow |
| 116. Which of the following is the unit of exposure dose of gamma or x-rays? | Coloumbs/Kg |
| 117. Which of the following refers to the single set of chromosomes in a genetic cell? | Haploid Number |
| 118. What do the letters RBE stand for? | Relative biologic effectiveness |
| 119. When radiation exposure causes hematopoietic death, what is the main reason why the person died? | Immune system is destroyed |
| 120. What does lethal dose 50/30 mean? | 50% of the group dies within 30 days |
| Which of the following is a type of damage that can occur to a DNA molecule when exposed to radiation? 1. Change in the genetic code 2. Breakage of the chromosome 3. Breakage of the DNA molecule | 1, 2, & 3 |
| Which of the following are by-products of photoelectric absorption? | All of the above |
| Which of the following is the unit of absorbed dose? | Gray (Gy) |
| How many milliroentgens are in one roentgen? | 1000 |
| Which of the following are possible results from the exposure to radiation? 1. Changes in the DNA molecule 2. Sterilization of the cell 3. Death of the cell | 1, 2, & 3 |
| The greatest radiation hazard to a fetus occurs during which of the following time periods? | First trimester |
| Which of the following are considered the building blocks in the synthesizing of proteins? | Amino Acids (22) |
| What do the letters REM stand for? | Rad equivalent Man |
| If a human is exposed to radiation levels in the 100 to 200 R range, which of the following is expected? | Complete recovery in 90 days |
| Of the following types of radiation, which one is considered the most ionizing? | Alpha |
| Which of the following describes Beta particles? | High Speed electron |
| Whole body radiation, delivered in a period of seconds to minutes, produces a clinical pattern known as what? | Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) |
| A chromosome that has been damaged by radiation may cause which of the following? 1. Mutation 2. Cell death 3. sterilization | 1, 2, & 3 |
| What is meant by ionizing radiation? | Any radiation that can remove an orbital electron |
| Which of the following is the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers? | Seivert |
| What does genetically significant dose mean? | Estimated dose received by the population |
| Which of the following is the most common result of cell irradiation? | Cell death |
| Which of the following describes an atom that has lost one or more of its electrons? | Ion |
| How can radiation damage to the DNA molecule of a genetic cell affect the future generations of an individual? | Mutations may occur |
| Which of the following are considered extremely sensitive to radiation? 1. Gonads 2. Lens of the eye 3. Blood forming organs | 1, 2, & 3 |
| Which of the following statements concerning the Coloumb/Kg is true? | All of the above |
| How is the Coloumbs/Kg unit determined? | Ionization in the air |
| What is the exposure rate if 75 mAs results in an exposure of 600 mR? | 8 mR/mAs |
| The Gray, the Seivert and the Coloumbs/Kg will all be equal when measuring which type of radiation? | X-ray |
| Which of the following is not a function of a DNA molecule? | Synthesis proteins |
| What do the letters DNA stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| The Direct Hit theory of cell irradiation can be described by which of the following statements | The DNA molecule is stuck |
| A radiographer will receive most of his/her occupational exposure from which of these types of radiation? | Scatter radiation |
| Which of these is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from radiation to soft tissue? | LET (Linear Energy transfer) |
| What is the most radiosensitive area of the eye? | Lens |
| Which of the following could result from excessive radiation exposure to a fetus during the first trimester? 1. Prenatal death 2. Neonatal death 3. Congenital abnormalities | 1, 2, & 3 |
| Which of the following is the unit for biological dose? | RBE (Relative Biologic effectiveness) |
| Which of the following describes an Alpha particle? | 2 protons and 2 neutrons |
| What is the molecule called that has one or more unpaired electrons and is unusually chemically reactive? | Free radical |
| Which of the following types of blood cells is the most sensitive to radiation? | Lymphocytes |
| Somatic effects of radiation relate to which of the following? | Exposed individual |
| The fact that distance is the best protection against radiation is proven by which of these laws? | Inverse square law |
| The Coulomb/kg (roentgen) unit only applies to which of the following types of radiation? | Xrays & Gamma rays |
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