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MICROPARA_PRELIMS
PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes Organisms | bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea |
| Eukaryotes Organisms | protozoans, algae, fungi, plants & animals |
| Prokaryotes cell size | 1-10 micrometer |
| Eukaryotes cell size | 5-100 micrometer |
| Prokaryotes metabolism | anaerobic / anaerobic |
| Eukaryotes metabolism | aerobic |
| Prokaryotes organelles | few or none; no nucleus |
| Eukaryotes organelles | nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, ER, Golgi complex, |
| Prokaryotes DNA | circular DNA in cytoplasm |
| Eukaryotes DNA | linear DNA with non coding regions in nucleus |
| Prokaryotes RNA and protein | RNA and protein synthesized in the same compartment |
| Eukaryotes RNA and protein | RNA in nucleus; protein in cytoplasm |
| Prokaryotes cytoplasm | No cytoskeleton |
| Eukaryotes cytoplasm | With cytoskeleton |
| Prokaryotes cell division | Chromosomes pulled apart by membrane attachments |
| Eukaryotes cell division | Uses cytoskeletal spindle apparatus |
| Prokaryotes cellular organization | mainly unicellular |
| Eukaryotes cellular organization | mainly multicellular, with differentation in cell types |
| attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes | fimbriae |
| flagellum is made up of protein________ | flagellin |
| It is helical and has a sharp bend just outside the outer membrane; this "hook" allows the helix to point directly away from the cell. | flagellum |
| Classification of bacterium according to the number of flagella | a. monotrichous bacterium b. lophotrichous bacterium c. amphitrichous bacterium d. peritrichous bacterium |
| bacterium with 1 flagella | monotrichous bacterium |
| bacterium with many flagella in ONLY one end | lophotrichous bacterium |
| bacterium with flagella on both ends | amphitrichous bacterium |
| bacterium with many flagella ALL around the capsule | peritrichous bacterium |
| can occur at the poles of bacterial cells and they can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell | Fimbriae |
| enables the cells to adhere to surfaces, including those of the other cells | Fimbriae |
| helps the cell to colonize mucus membranes | Fimbriae |
| are used for attachments to surfaces such as tissues | Pili |
| pili is composed of protein_____ | pilin |
| pili is _______ than fimbriae | longer |
| unite prokaryotic cells to one another and permit the passage of DNA between the cells | conjugation pili |
| First step of bacterial conjugation | Donor cell produces pilus |
| 2nd step of bacterial conjugation | Pilus attaches to recipient cell, brings the two cells together. |
| 3rd step of bacterial conjugation | The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. |
| 4th step of bacterial conjugation | Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors. |
| composed of a thick, gummy material, serves as a reservoir for nutrients and protects the organism from changes in the environment | glycocalyx |
| When the glycocalyx is a tightly bound structure, it is known as a | capsule |
| When the glycocalyx is a poorly bound structure that flows easily, it is known as a | slime layer |
| With the exception of mycoplasmas, all bacteria have a | semirigid cell wall |
| component of cell wall | peptidoglycan, a large polymer composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid |
| Gram-positive bacteria have more | peptidoglycan |
| Why do Gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan account | ability to retain the stain in the Gram stain procedure |
| Gram-negative bacteria have more _______ in their cell wall | lipids |
| gram-positive cell wall components | plasma membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan |
| gram-negative cell wall components | plasma membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan, outer membrane |
| outer membrane of gram-negative cell wall | lipopolysaccharide and protein |
| Crystal violet stains both gram-positive and gram-negative cells | purple |
| Alcohol dehydrates the peptidoglycan of | Gram-positive bacteria |
| Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the | Gram-negative |
| It colors the Gram-negative cells red or pink | Safranin |
| example of atypical cell wall | mycoplasma |
| atypical cell wall pass through | most bacterial filters |
| Their plasma membranes are unique among bacteria in having lipids called sterols, which are thought to help protect them from lysis (rupture). | Atypical Cell Walls |
| atypical cell wall plasma membranes are unique among bacteria in having lipids called | sterols |
| sterols in atypical cell wall help protect them from | lysis (rupture) |
| cell membrane components | lipid bilayer of plasma membrane, peptidoglycan, outer membrane |
| the lipid bilayer of cell membrane has | polar heads and non-polar tails |
| About 80% water proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions | Cytoplasm |
| major structures of cytoplasm | Ribosomes Nucleoid Plasmid |
| contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome | Nucleoid |
| double-stranded DNA molecule in a ring; can be transferred from one bacterium to another. Commonly used in genetic engineering | Plasmid |
| Specialized “resting cells” formed by some Gram-positive bacteria | Endospores |
| Endospores are specialized | resting cells |
| Endospores are formed by | gram-positive bacteria |
| Endospores are formed when | nutrients are depleted |
| Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cell | Asexual reproduction |
| Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cell is usually by | Binary fission Budding |
| process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell by division into two parts which each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell | Binary fission |
| formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism | Budding |
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ah_jusyyy