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heart anatomy ch 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the word CORONARY deals with the hearts ____ supply | blood |
| left coronary artery feeds ____ | the front |
| right coronary artery feeds ____ | the back |
| elevated ___ maintains blood flow through coronary arteries | blood pressure |
| what term means TO LISTEN | auscultation |
| what five words describe auscultations | all patients eventually trust me |
| all patients eventually trust me actual words | aortic pulmonary ERB's point tricuspid mitral |
| what are the auscultation intercostal numbers | 22345 |
| rheumatic fever is untreated ____ | strep throat |
| valvular insufficiency is when the valves ____ | don't close |
| valvular stenosis is when the valves are ____ | too narrow |
| what is the sound of regurgitation (insufficiency) | heart murmur |
| incompetence means ____ | turbulence |
| what prevents back flow from aorta to left ventricle | aortic valve |
| what prevents back flow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle | pulmonary valve |
| pulmonary valve is anterior to the ____ valve | aortic |
| what is also known as leaflets and are flaps of tissue which seal together to make a valve | cusps |
| what allows one way flow of blood | cusps |
| what type of valve is between an atrium and ventricle | atrioventricular |
| what type of valve is at the end of ventricles | semilunar |
| where do semilunar valves lead to (2) | lungs or body |
| what type of muscle attaches chordae tendineae to floor of heart | papillary |
| what prevents valves from swinging open backwards | chordae tendineae |
| what stabilizes valves and prevents stray electrical impulses and is not made of bone | the cardiac skeleton |
| the cardiac skeleton is also known as the ___ ring | fibrous |
| the foramen ovale turns into the ___ ___ | fossa ovalis |
| what allows oxygenated blood from mom to bypass lungs in the womb | foramen ovale |
| what are the muscular ridges in the internal surface of the heart | trabeculae carneae |
| what is the electrical highway so that tricuspid valve closes and is only found in RIGHT ventricle | moderator band |
| ventricles always ___ | pump |
| what ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs | right |
| are ventricles thicker or thinner than atriums | thicker |
| what separates ventricles | interventricular septum |
| what atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs | left |
| what separates left and right atrias | interatrial |
| atrias always ___ | recieve |
| what collects blood from pulmonary circuit | left atrium |
| what pumps blood to pulmonary circuit | right ventricle |
| what pumps blood to systemic circuit | left ventricle |
| what collects blood from systemic circuit | right atrium |
| what is the outermost layer of CT on surface of heart | epicardium |
| what layer is thickest, has 3 layers, and performs the work of the heart | myocardium |
| what layer is inside the four chambers, covers the valves | endocardium |
| what layer is made of smooth squamous epithelium | endocardium |
| what is inflammation of the pericardium | pericarditis |
| pericarditis may cause ___ tamponade, which is ___ fluid in the pericardial cavity | cardiac, excess |
| what covers the surface of the heart | visceral pericardium |
| what is also known as epicardium | visceral pericardium |
| what lines the inside of fibrous pericardium | parietal pericardium |
| is the inside of the pericardial cavity smooth or rough | smooth |
| what layer protects the heart from overfilling | fibrous |
| what is the innermost layer that is made of two pericardiums | serous |
| what contains serous fluid to reduce friction as heart beats | pericardial cavity |
| what is the space around the heart which is also known as the heart-sac | pericardium |
| heart wall has how many layers how many chambers and valves | 3,4,4 |
| the heart sits on top of ___ and is behind ribs _ _ _ _ | diaphragm, 2,3,4,5 |
| trachea is __ esophagus is __ and is made of ___ | air food, muscle |
| what wraps around everything including trachea and esophagus | aorta |
| the mediastinum is between the ___ and ___ | sternum and lungs |
| what is the broadest part of heart pointed part? which side does it point to? | base apex, left |
| cardiovascular system components | pump, conducting system, fluid medium |
| what is composed of cardiac muscle and gives oxy rich blood to body and oxy poor blood to lungs | pump (heart) |
| what type of doctor studies the heart and heart disorders | cardiologist |
| when arteries are injured and anything downstream of block gets no blood and dies, this is called __ ____ | end arteries |
| what delivers oxy blood to myocardium | coronary arteries |
| what collect deoxy blood from myocardium | cardiac veins |
| coronary arteries flow blood to heart during ___ | diastole |
| what restricts blood flow | systole |
| what node is the pacemaker | SA node |
| what is the widow maker | anterior interventricular/left anterior descending |
| what supplies the SA node | sinoatrial nodal artery |
| what travels from left ventricle to right atrium | great cardiac vein |
| what is the end point of all cardiac veins | coronary sinus |
| where does the coronary sinus dump deoxy blood | right atrium |
| what is the #1 killer in the US | coronary artery disease |
| how does coronary artery disease work | it blocks coronary circulation |
| when cardiac muscle dies, it grows back as ___ tissue | scar |
| what leads to narrowing in arteries | plaque |
| what term means LACK of oxygen | ischemia |
| what is the term for temporary lack of oxygen (heart attack is coming) | angina pectoris |
| involving angina pectoris, how does chest pain go away | rest! |
| what term means electrical stoppage of heart | cardiac arrest |
| what is another term for myocardial infarction | heart attack |
| what is coronary thrombosis | clot in heart |
| with a myocardial infarction, does pain go away with rest | no, sometimes pain isn't present too |
| what enzymes are released into circulation during myocardial infarction | troponin T, troponin I, CK-MB |
| what promotes collateral circulation | regular exercise |
| what is alternate circulation around a blocked artery (extra) | collateral circulation |
| 120/80 =? (4) | systole/diastole, depol/repol, pos/neg, squeeze/relax |
| where is atrial repol | behind the QRS complex |
| resting potential involves | Na out, K in |
| depol involves | Na in, K out |
| repol involves | Na out, K in |
| the cardiac cycle relies on ___ | electricity |
| what causes valves to open and close | increase in blood pressure |
| single cardiac contraction is aka what | a single heartbeat (PQRST) |
| what is the term for regular heartbeat | rhythmicity |
| term for heart contracting simultaneously via pacemaker cells | automaticity |
| cardiac myocytes will ___ with one another and ____ __ connect them together | synchronize, intercalated discs |
| intercalated discs involve what ion = needed for muscle to contract | calcium |
| intercalated discs are secured by what | desmosomes |
| what are intercalated discs linked by for ion movement | gap junctions |
| intercalated discs propagate ___ ____ and convey force of contraction | action potentials |
| contractile cells ____ | contract (do all the work) |
| conductive cells ____ | conduct electricity |
| conductive cells are branched from ___ and are specialized | contractile cells |
| a clump of what type of cell is aka a node | conductive |
| are conductive or contractile cells calcium dependent | contractile |
| are contractile cells systole or diastole | systole (squeeze) |
| what comes after a conductive cell? | contractile cell |
| how many phases are in a cardiac action potential | 5 |
| phase 0 is | depol |
| phase 1 is | early repol |
| phase 2 is | plataeu |
| phase 3 is | repol |
| phase 4 is | diastole (relax) |
| absolute refractory period is phases... | 1-3 |
| relative refractory period is at the end of phase _ | 3 |
| fast Na channels and Ca slow but continuing describes what phase | 0/depol |
| K channels opening describes what phase | 1/ early repol |
| slow Ca inside and slow K outside describes what phase | 2/plateau |
| in what phase is there Calcium induced Calcium release? what is this? | 2/plateau, Ca comes inside and unlocks Ca storage bins inside sarcomere, takes Ca to let more Ca in |
| what cannot respond to 2nd stimulus and ensures heart has a chance to relax completely before next contraction | absolute refractory period in phase 2/plateau |
| in what phase is there a Na/K pump that restores the resting membrane potential | 3/repol |
| in what phase is there hyperpolarization which results in -90mv | 4/diastole/resting |
| what is stronger than normal stimulus and could cause a Na+ to open at threshold | relative refractory period in phase 3/repol |
| term for being able to stay as negative as you can until the lights come on, what phase is this in? | threshold/-55mv/phase 0 (depol) |
| what ion is shut off in phase 0/depol after it comes in fast | Na |
| can you flush the toilet during absolute or relative | relative |
| conduction pathway of electricity steps (6) | SA node--internodal pathway/Bachmanns bundle--AV node--AV bundle of His--bundle branches--purkinje fibers |
| what has the highest rate of spontaneous depol | SA node |
| normal electrical pattern established by SA node is termed as ___ ___ | sinus rhythm |
| when are nodes in a state of slow depol | all the time |
| constant and slow influx of Na+ causes nodes to try to approach ____ | threshold |
| what allows atria to contract before ventricle contracts/makes sure that downstairs is full of blood | 100 ms involving AV node |
| what slows down the signal from SA to AV node | small diameter of AV cells |
| what is max action potential limit | 230 bpm. higher=damage or death |
| connects the atria to the ventricles electrically | AV bundle of His |
| sends impulse through moderator band to papillary muscles of R ventricle | bundle branches |
| fast conductors that reach all ventricular myocytes | purkinje fibers |
| contraction of any heart chamber is called | systole |
| relaxation of any heart chamber is called | diastole |
| is S1 or S2 in early ventricular systole | S1 |
| is S1 or S2 in early ventricular diastole | S2 |
| isovolumetric means what? EARLY | that no liquid has left the heart yet, hasn't squeezed hard enough |
| in what phase of cardiac cycle do you squeeze extremely hard | late ventricular systole |
| late ventricular diastole is when you are ___ | filling with blood |
| in which phase of the cardiac cycle does the SA node fire into relaxed atria | atrial systole |
| in what phase of the cardiac cycle does the AV node fire | early ventricular systole |
| in what phase of the cardiac cycle do ventricles depolarize (QRS wave) which triggers contraction | early ventricular systole |
| what phase of the cardiac cycle is also knows as the rejection phase | late ventricular systole |
| in which two phases of the cardiac cycle are there isovolumetric ventricular relaxation | early ventricular diastole and early ventricular systole |
| in what phase of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles closed but their is active filling | late ventricular diastole |
| does BP rise or fall during systole | rise |
| what is termed as the amount of blood pumped out of ventricle during each contraction | stroke volume |
| what is termed as the amount of blood the heart pumps out in 1 minute | cardiac output |
| what is the formula for cardiac output | SV x HR= CO |
| stoke volume formula | -SV = EDV - ESV |
| amount of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole is termed what | end diastolic volume |
| amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular systole is termed what | end systolic volume |
| is there more volume at the end of squeeze or relax | relax |
| 3 factors that affect stroke volume | preload, contractility, afterload |
| how much the heart fills up before it contracts is termed what | preload |
| force of ventricle contraction/ how hard you have to squeeze to get over the obstacle is termed what | contractility |
| obstacles like pressure that the ventricles must overcome to force semilunar valves open and eject blood is termed what | afterload |
| abnormal cells generating high rate of action potentials is termed what | ectopic pacemaker |
| 72-80 is male or female avg HR | female |
| does norepinephrine slow down or speed up heart rate | speed up |
| does acetylcholine speed up or slow down heart rate | slow down |
| what nerve is involved with acetylcholine | vagus nerve |
| what do inotropic agents affect | contractility (force) |
| what do chronotropic agents affect | heart rate (pulse) |
| in what side of the heart is there failure if there is systemic edema and jugular venous distension (JVD) | right |
| in what side of the heart is there failure if there is pulmonary edema and the person is drowning | left |
| the voltage difference between the inside and outside of the cell is termed | transmembrane potential |
| what clinically measures wave of depolarization | EKG/ECG |
| atrial depol is measured by what wave | P |
| ventricular depol is measured by what in the EKG | QRS complex |
| ventricular repol is measured by what wave | T |
| what segment is ventricular depol | ST |
| tall or pointed T wave means that patient is about to have a ____ ____ | heart attack |
Created by:
odean9