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MICROPARA_PRELIMS
INTRO, CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Study of microorganisms, unseen world of living things | Microbiology |
| Who discovered cell | Robert Hooke |
| When did Robert Hooke discovered cell | 1665 |
| Robert Hooke observed a slice of cork through a crude microscope and reported that life’s smallest units are | little boxes |
| Cell theory | all living things are composed of cells |
| Who observed animalcules | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| When did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed animalcules | Between 1673-1723 |
| How many microscopes Anton van Leeuwenhoek constructed? | more than 400 |
| forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter | Spontaneous generation |
| disproved spontaneous generation of maggots by using covered jars | Francesco Redi; 1668 |
| experiment on chicken broth that contained microbes after boiling | John Needham; 1745 |
| suggested that microorganisms from the air probably entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled | Lazzaro Spallanzani |
| put forth biogenesis | Rudolf Virchow ; 1858 |
| biogenesis | living cells arise only from preexisting living cells |
| Demonstrated that leaving flasks of boiled beef broth open resulted in contamination by microbes from the air | Louis Pasteur ; 1861 |
| he placed broth in flasks with long, curved necks and boiled them. The absence of microbes was due to the unique design of the flask. | Louis Pasteur ; 1861 |
| Demonstrated that heat can destroy microbes | Louis Pasteur ; 1861 |
| His discoveries form the basis of aseptic techniques | Louis Pasteur |
| The Golden Age | 1857-1914 |
| Pasteurization | 1857-1914 |
| Germ theory of disease | microbes can cause disease |
| uses phenol to kill bacteria (antiseptic) | Joseph Lister |
| Joseph Lister uses ________ to kill bacteria | uses phenol to kill bacteria |
| establishes Koch’s Postulates to identify disease-causing organisms | Robert Koch |
| Koch's four postulates, 1st | The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy animals. |
| Koch's four postulates, 2nd | The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. |
| Koch's four postulates, 3rd | The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. |
| Koch's four postulates, 4th | The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent |
| Who discovered Germ theory of disease | Koch |
| Phycology | algae |
| Mycology | fungi |
| beneficial and harmful roles of microbes | Agricultural Microbiology |
| the exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes | Biotechnology (Industrial Microbiology) |
| study of pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness | Medical microbiology |
| study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically. | Microbial Physiology |
| role of microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy | Veterinary Microbiology |
| processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes. | Sanitary Microbiology |
| the study of ancient microbes | Paleomicrobiology |
| study of microorganisms that live on or in another living organisms | Parasitology |
| is a group or "level" of classification | taxon |
| Order of Taxon | Kingdom (Not used by most bacteriologists) Phylum Class Order Family Genus (plural: Genera) Species (Both singular & plural) |
| a collection of microbial strains that share many properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains | Species |
| Species is identified by comparison with known | type strains |
| collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly | Species |
| Strain or variety | culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) |
| subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype) | Type |
| Binomial nomenclature | genus and species name |
| Scientific names are usually taken from | Latin or Greek, or latinized |
| Morphology | shape, size, color, etc |
| Three-Domain System | Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| no peptidoglycan in cell wall | Archaea |
| prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in cell wall | Bacteria |
| Eukarya | eukaryotes |
| Examples of Archaea | Methanogens, halophiles, hyperthermophiles |
| Examples of Bacteria | Pathogenic bacteria Cyanobacteria and other nonpathogens |
| Examples of Eukarya | Fungi , algae, protozoans Plants and animals |
| domain Archaea is divided into two phyla: | Phylum Crenarchaeota ; Phylum Euryarchaeota |
| Phylum Crenarchaeota originally containing | thermophylic and hyperthermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaea |
| Phylum Euryarchaeota contains primarily | methanogenic archaea, halophilic archaea, and thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea |
| Very diverse, with all four modes of nutrition represented | Proteobacteria |
| Proteobacteria grouped because of shared | rRNA sequence |
| Proteobacteria has | endosymbionts such as nitrogen fixers |
| Proteobacteria of medical importance are the | chemoheterotrophs |
| 2 family of Proteobacteria | Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae |
| grow only in eukaryotic host cells | Chlamidiae |
| Chlamidiae small phylum containing the genus | Chlamydia |
| spiral bacteria | Spirochaetes |
| Spirochaetes is characterized by flexible, helical cells with a modified | outer membrane and flagella |
| Important pathogenic genera of Spirochaetes | Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira |
| includes opportunistic pathogens | Bacteroidetes |
| oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria | Cyanobacteria |
| provide an enormous amount of food for organisms in freshwater and marine ecosystems | Cyanobacteria |
| Selected Bacteria Phyla – Gram-Negative | Proteobacteria Chlamidiae Spirochaetes Bacteroidetes Cyanobacteria |
| low G+C content; include Bacilli (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic) and Clostridia | Firmicutes |
| genetically, high G+C content | Actinobacteria |
| Selected Bacteria Phyla – Gram-Positive | Firmicutes Actinobacteria |
| Cocci in pairs are called | diplococci |
| Cocci in chains are called | streptococci |
| Cocci in irregular groups | staphylococci |
| rods that are slightly curved | Vibrios |
| polar flagella | Spirilla |
| axial filaments | Spirochaetes |
| The term Protist is used for eukaryotes that are | not plants, animal and fungi |
| SAR | Stramenophila, Alveolata, Rhizaria |
| Stramenophila | Diatoms Brown algae Water molds |
| photosynthetic; cell wall is glassy and contains silica | Diatoms |
| photosynthetic; include many seaweeds; have brown pigment. Example is the largest alga, the kelp | Brown algae |
| heterotrophic; also includes parasites that cause blight in plants | Water molds |
| Alveolata | Dinoflagellates Ciliates Apicomplexans |
| autotrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic; commonly known for causing red tide | Dinoflagellates |
| heterotrophic or mixotrophic ciliated protozoans; includes free-living Paramecium and parasitic Balantidium heterotrophic or mixotrophic ciliated protozoans; includes free-living Paramecium and parasitic Balantidium | Ciliates |
| heterotrophic, obligate intracellular parasites; includes Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium | Apicomplexans |
| Rhizaria | Cercozoa Foraminiferans Radiolarians |
| heterotrophic; amoebae that move and feed by means of filose (narrow) pseudopodia | Cercozoa |
| heterotrophic; planktonic or benthic; shells composed of calcium carbonate | Foraminiferans |
| heterotrophic; internal skeleton made of silica | Radiolarians |
| possess "excavated" feeding groove; flagellated | Excavata |
| Unikonta | Amoebozoa Fungi Animals |
| heterotrophic; pseudopodia are blunt-ended. Slime molds are part of this group. Also includes Entamoeba | Amoebozoa |
| heterotrophic; absorb nutrients. Most have chitin in cell walls; includes Candida and Saccharomyces | Fungi |
| heterotrophic; flatworms, tapeworms, insects and arachnids are of microbiological importance | Animals |
| is an informal term for amoebae, flagellates, ciliates and apicomplexans | Protozoa |
| Protozoa Reproduction | fission, budding, schizogony (multiple fission); sexual reproduction |
| Gametocytes are | haploid sex cells |
| protective capsule around the protozoan for protection | Cyst |
| motile, feeding stage of protozoa | Trophozoite |
| Decomposers | Fungi |
| The feeding structures of a fungus are threadlike filaments called | hyphae |
| Hyphae branch repeatedly as they grow, forming a mass known as a | mycelium |
| is a symbiosis between fungi and green algae | Lichen |
| is a symbiosis between fungi and plant roots | Mycorrhiza |
| Fungi types(?) | Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes |
| with flagellated spores; includes parasites of other animals | Chytrids |
| have protective zygosporangia, where zygotes produce haploid spores by meiosis. Includes bread molds. | Zygomycetes |
| form mycorrhizae | Glomeromycetes |
| have asci or sac (sac fungi); can be unicellular or multicellular. Includes some of the most devastating plant pathogens, or in lichen. E.g. morels, cup fungi, yeasts | Ascomycetes |
| club fungi with spore-producing basidia. Excellent decomposers. Includes mushrooms and shelf fungi | Basidiomycetes |
| almost all are autotrophic | Archaeplastida |
| types of Archaeplastida | Red algae , Green algae , Land plants |
| Red algae's color is due to | phycobilins |
| This group includes the algae used to make agar, such as Gelidium amansii | Red algae |
| named for green chloroplasts. Includes seaweeds and algae that form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens. | Green algae |
Created by:
ah_jusyyy