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Organic Chemistry 3
WCU Organic Chemistry Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| characteristics of organic compounds? | 1. covalent bonds 2. nonpolar 3. insoluble n water 4 low melting point, low boiling point, low density 5. some have isomers |
| types of hydrocarbons (C & H) | alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic |
| compounds with C, H and O | ketones, carboxylic acid, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ether |
| compounds with C, H, N, maybe O | amines, nitriles, amides |
| Alkane alkene alkyne aromatic | CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2n-6 |
| alkanes also known as | parafines or saturated hydrocarbone |
| alkane characteristics (5) | 1. saturated (have ONLY single bonds- no double or triple) and do not add anything to their formula; 2. good fuels; 3. nonpolar 4. insoluble in water; 5. exhibit only LDF |
| characteristics of gaseous alkenes C1-C4; | have no color no smell |
| liquid alkenes C5-C14 | (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene...) |
| solid alkenes C15-... | (vaseline, tar, asphalt) |
| alkyl (R-) group of alkanes | those compounds of the alkane group with one H removed from the end or middle (CnH2n+2-1) |
| alkane formulas and names | C1H4 - methane; C2H6 - ethane; C3H8 - propane; C4H10 - butane; C5H12 - pentane; C6H14 - hexane; C7H16 - heptane; C8H18 - octane; C9H20 - nonane; C10H22 - decane |
| alkene formulas and names | C1H2 (DOES NOT EXIST - C must have 4 bonds); C2H4 - ethene; C3H6 - propene; C4H8 - butene; C5H10 - pentene; C6H12 - hexene; C7H14 - heptene; C8H16- octene; C9H18 - nonene; C10H20 - decene |
| alkyne formulas and names | C1H0 doe not exist; C2H2 - ethyne; C3H4 - propyne; C4H6 - butyne; C5H8 - pentyne; C6H10 - hexyne; C7H12 - heptyne; C8H14 - octyne; C9H16 - nonyne; C10H18 - decyne |
| alkyl names and formulas | CH3 - methyl; C2H5 - ethyl; C3H7 - propyl; C4H9 - butyl; C5H11 - pentyl; C6H13 - hexyl; C7H15 - heptyl; C8H17 - octyl; C9H19 - nonyl; C10H21 - decyl |
| alkanes that do not have isomers | CH4, C2H6, C3H8 |
| alkene characteristics | 1. are unsaturated (have at least 1 double bond), and can have addition reactions, polymerization reactions and oxidation reactions; 2. can have constitutional and geometric isomers |
| geometric isomers of alkenes | cis (boat shape), trans (chair shape) |
| addition reactions of alkenes | pi bond is broken and two atoms can be added to the molecule |
| types of additional reactions of alkenes | 1. addition of H2 (hydrogenation); 2. addition of a halogen (halogenation); 3. addition of HCl, HBr or HI; 4. addition of H20 (hydration) |
| Markovnikov's Rule | in addition of HX to pi bond of alkene, H goes to C with more H and X goes to C with less H |
| alkyne characteristics | unsaturated and can undergo addition reactions |
| types of alkyne addition reactions | 1. H2 (hydrogenation); 2. halogen (halogenation); 3. HX; 4. water (hydration) |
| hydration reaction in alkyne forms? | ketone or aldehyde |
| benzene characteristics | 1. liquid with a nice odor; 2. good solvent; 3. is a carcinogen and can cause cancer |
| important aromatic hydrocarbons | 1. toluene (methylbenzene); 2. xylene (Orthoxylene, Metaxylene, Paraxylene); 3. nepthalene; 4. phenol; 5. aniline; 6. benzaldehyde; 7. benzoic acid |
| toluene (methylbenzene) | formula C7H8 |
| orthoxylene formula | C8H10; X on 1, 2 |
| metaxylene formula | C8H10; X on 1, 3 |
| paraxylene formula | C8H10; X on 1, 4 |
| nepthalene formula | C10H8 (two benzenes connected and sharing one side) |
| phenol formula | C6H5OH |
| aniline formula | C6H5NH2 |
| benzaldehyde formula | C6H5CHO |
| benzoic acid formula | C6H5COOH |
| primary carbon | linked to carbon on only 1 side |
| secondary carbon | linked to carbon on 2 sides |
| tertiary carbon | linked to carbon on 3 sides |
| quarternary carbon | linked to carbon on 4 sides |
| hydrocarbon characteristics (3) | nonpolar, insoluble in H2O, exhibit LDF |
| alcohol characteristics (3) | highly polar, highly soluble in water up to C4, h-bond |
| carboxylic acid characteristics (3) | highly polar, highly soluble in water up to C4, h-bond |
| primary and secondary amine characteristics (3) | highly polar, highly soluble in water up to C4, h-bond |
| ether characteristics (3) | polar, more or less soluble up to C4, exhibits DDF |
| aldehyde characteristics (3) | polar, more or less soluble up to C4, exhibits DDF |
| ketone characteristics (3) | polar, more or less soluble up to C4, exhibits DDF |
| carboxylic acid characteristics (3) | polar, more or less soluble up to C4, exhibits DDF |
| tertiary amine characteristics (3) | polar, more or less soluble up to C4, exhibits DDF |
| oxidation | removing a hydrogen or adding an oxygen to a compound |
| reduction | adding a hydrogen or removing an oxygen to a compound |
| hydrating an alkene | adding H2O to a pi bond; creates alcohol |
| polymerization | joining MANY molecules of a small alkene (C2H4 or C3H6)and forming a very large molecule called a polymer; requires a double bond (alkene) |
| estrification | acid + alcohol = water + ester |
| boiling point, melting point, solubility | acid > alcohol > amine > aldehyde, ketone, amide > hydrocarbons |
| chirol carbon | carbon which is linked to 4 DIFFERENT atoms or groups of atoms |
| naming alcohol | R -OH ; (-ol) |
| naming thiols | R - SH ; (-thiol) |
| naming ethers | R - O - R ; (-ethers)name the R on both side then alphatize it then add -ether at the end. |
| naming aldehyde | R - COH ; (-al) |
| naming ketones | R - CO ; (-one) |
| naming carboxylic acid | R - COOH ; (-oic acid) |
| naming esters | R - COO ; (-oate) |
| naming amines | R - N ; (-amine) |
| naming amides | R - CON ; (-amide) |
| product of combustion alkanes | alkanes + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O + energy |
| product of hydrogenation alkenes and alkynes | alkenes and H2 ----> alkanes; alkynes and H2----> alkanes |
| product of hydration of alkenes | alkenes and H2O ----> alcohol |
| combustion of alcohol | alcohol + o2 ----> CO2 + H2O |
| product of dehydration of alcohol | alkene and water |
| product of oxidation (primary) of alcohol | aldehyde and water |
| product of oxidation (secondary) of alcohol | ketone and water |
| product of oxidation of thiol | disulfides and water |
| product of oxidation of aldehydes | carboxylic acid |
| product of ionization of carboxylic acid | (donate a proton to a water); carboxylic acid and water ----> carboxylic ion and hydronimum |
| product of neutralization of carboxylic acid | carboxylic acid and salt ---->carboxyliate and water |
| product of acid hydrolysis | (ester are split apart with water); ester and water ---->carboxylic acid and alcohol |
| product of base hydrolysis of ester | ester and salt ---->carboxylic acid salt and alcohol |
| base hydrolysis of ester also known as | saponification |
| product of ionization amines | ammonia and water ---->ammmonium ion and hydroxide |
| formation of amine salts | amine and acid ----> amine salt |
| formation of amide | carboxylic acid and ammonia/amine ----> amide and water |
| product of acid hydrolysis of amides | amide and water and salt ----> carboxylic acid and ammonium salt |
| product of base hydrolysis of amides | amide and salt ----> salt of carboxylic acid and ammonia/amine |
Created by:
dtran84