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Polyatomic Ions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Great Plains | the vast grassland that extends through the central portion of North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie | treaty that required the Sioux to live on a land reservation along the Missouri River |
| Sitting Bull | head chief of the Sioux nation who encouraged other Sioux leaders to resist government demands to buy land on the Black Hills reservation |
| George A. Custer | American army officer who was dispatched West to fight against Native Americans and was killed with his troops in the Battle of Little Bighor |
| assimilation | a minority group's' adoption of the beliefs and ways of life of the dominant culture |
| Dawes Act (1887) | law intended to Americanize Natives by distributing reservation land to individual owners |
| Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) | the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota |
| Comstock Lode | Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 |
| placer mining | searching for gold by using pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock |
| hydraulic mining | method of mining that uses water under high pressure to blast away gravel and dirt to expose the mineral underneath |
| hard rock mining | mining that requires cutting deep shafts in solid rock to extract the ore |
| longhorn | a breed of study, long-haired cattle brought by the Spanish to Mexico and suited to the dry conditions of the Southwest |
| Chisholm Trail | the major cattle route from Texas to Kansas |
| long drive | the moving of cattle over trails to a shipping center |
| Homestead Act (1862) | law enacted that provided 160 acres of Western Frontier land to any citizen or intended citizen who was the head of a household and would cultivate the land for five years |
| exoduster | an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years |
| soddy | a home built of blocks of turf |
| Morrill Acts | laws enacted in 1862 and 1890 to help create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states |
| bonanza farm | an enormous farm on which a single crop is grown |
| Oliver Hudson Kelley | American government agent who founded the Patrons of Husbandry, or Grange, in 1867 |
| Patrons of Husbandry | a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of railroads in the late 19th century |
| Farmers' Alliances | groups of farmers, or those in sympathy with farming issues, who sent lecturers from town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues |
| populism | a late 1800s political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers |
| gold standard | a monetary system in which the basic unit of currency is defined in terms of a set amount of gold |
| bimetallism | the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national currency system |
| William McKinley | Republican presidential candidate in 1896; supported remaining on the gold standard and won the election |
| William Jennings Bryan | Populist politician who favored the free coinage of silver, an economic policy expected to aid farmers, and was a Democratic presiedntial candidate in 1896 |
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