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biology chapter 6

heredity

QuestionAnswer
what is genetics? characteristics of an organism
whose early work is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics? Gregor Mendel
3 important choices Mendel made 1) control our breeding: remove stamen or male parts 2) 3) either or traits: no mixed traits
why did Mendel use pea plants? reproduce quickly
what do we call "discrete units" today? genes
what two conclusions make up Mendel's law of segregation? organisms inherit 2 of each gene, 1 from each parent &
what is "segregated" in Mendel's law of segregation? genes are separated during meiosis
what does "purebred" mean? generations where the traits are the same
what is the relationship between a gene & a protein genes contain information to make proteins
what is an allele? any of the alternatives of a gene
what term is used to describe a pair of alleles that are the same? That are different? homozygous & heterozygous
what is a definition of homologous chromosomes using the terms "gene" & "allele" 2 of the same alleles/ genes on a locus in the same place
an analogy to show the difference between a genotype & phenotype genotype- your thoughts ( genetic makeup of a particular set of genes ) phenotype - words to express your thoughts ( physical characteristics )
how are alleles represented on paper capital & lowercase letters
if an organism has a recessive trait, can you determine its genotype for that trait? yes, homozygous recessive
what factors besides alleles affect phenotype environment
what type of alleles are present in an organism with a QQ genotype? homozygous dominant
what is an alternative form a gene allele
what is the opposite of homozygous? Of dominant? heterozygous & recessive
factors that make up a punnett square one parent, other parent, and offspring
what is a punnett square? A gird that helps to show all possible allelic combinations of gametes in a cross of parents with known genotypes
why does each parent contribute only one allele to the offspring meiosis
what is a monohybrid cross? used when studying only one trait. A cross between a homozygous dominant organism and a homozygous recessive organism produces offspring that are all heterozygous and have the dominant phenotype
what is a dihybrid cross? used when studying the inheritance of traits
what is the law of independent assortment? states that different traits are inherited separately
what is crossing over? exchange of segments of chromosomes between homologous chromosomes
what is genetic linkage? genes that are located close together on a chromosome have a tendency to be inherited together
what factors contribute to genetic diversity? crossing over, environment, independent assortment, and sexual reproduction
what are traits? inherited characteristics
what is a genotypic ratio? A phenotypic ratio? a genotypic ratio compares each kind of genotype. a phenotypic ratio compares how many organisms look dominant - recessive
what is the genotypic ratio of the offspring 1:2:1
what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? 3:1
probability? predicts the average number of occurrences, not the exact number of occurrences
what do you do to calculate the probability of two independent events that will happen together? multiply the probability of each individual event
what is independent in the law of independent assortment? the allele pairs: B + b do not travel together
what are two ways that sexual reproduction helps create and maintain genetic diversity? independent assortment + random fertilization
which does sexual reproduction create, new alleles or new combinations of alleles? new combination of alleles
how is the production of unique genetic combinations an advantage to organisms and species get a new combination that can help keep the alive
are chromosomes in a duplicated or an unduplicated state when crossing over occurs? duplicated
Created by: nuss
 

 



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