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AP Psych Unit 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |
| identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |
| social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. |
| intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
| emerging adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. |
| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
| cognitive | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. |
| schemas | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
| assimilate | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. |
| accommodation | adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information. |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
| object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| preoperational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage(from about 2 to 7) during which a child learns to use language but doesn't comprehend yet the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
| egocentric | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |
| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |
| autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors. |
| concrete operational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7-11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
| formal operational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 12-adulthood) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
| stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
| attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
| critical period | an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. |
| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period. |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. |
| basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |
| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
| gender | the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female. |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. |
| gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. |
| role | a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
| gender identity | our sense of being male or female |
| social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |
| gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |
| transgender | an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex. |
| X chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes, males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |
| Y chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
| testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty. |
| puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
| sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation) or both sexes (bisexual orientation) |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement. |
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pramodvr19