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bio 168 ch 3 and 4
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| movement of water high to low concentration | osmosis |
| difference between high and low concentrations of a substances on either side of a membrane (the space) | concentration gradient |
| factors that influence diffusion | distance, size, temp., concentration gradient, electrical forces |
| lipid-soluble compounds can pass through lipid bilayer easily | simple diffusion |
| transmembrane proteins form small PASSAGEWAYS | channel-mediated diffusion |
| if you cant pass through membrane you go through this | channel-mediated diffusion |
| this is the transport process by which gases, like O2 and CO2, move through a membrane | simple diffusion |
| active transport you have to use this to transport | ATP |
| proteins transport ions or organic substrates across plasma membrane | carrier-mediated transport |
| PASSIVE transport for large molecules like glucose and amino acids | facilitated diffusion |
| facilitated diffusion is a a what kind of transport | passive |
| moves ONE specific molecule across membrane | Uniporter |
| moves TWO substances in the same direction at the same time | symporter (cotransporter) |
| ONE substance moves in WHILE another one moves out | Antiporter (counter-transport) |
| facilitated diffusion uses this to transport molecules too large | carrier proteins |
| all cells use this to move glucose across their membranes | facilitated diffusion |
| in facilitated diffusion they move | glucose |
| which membrane proteins are involved with the transport of molecules that otherwise would be unable to enter the cell | carrier proteins |
| primary active transport AKA | counter transport |
| secondary active transport AKA | coupled transport |
| sodium-potassium exchange pump | primary active transport |
| primary active transport uses ATP moves what out and what in | 3 Na out and 2 K in |
| sodium-potassium exchange pump restores what | concentration gradient |
| example of primary active transport | sodium-potassium exchange pump |
| secondary active transport uses ATP to establish | a concentration gradient of ONE substance |
| in this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances accross the membrane against their own concentration gradients | primary active transport |
| what is the role of ATP | it provides the energy needed to run the protein "pump" |
| sodium-potassium pumps are examples of what type of cellular transport? | primary active transport |
| what transport process uses the energy stored in a NA or H concentration gradient to drive other substances accross the membrane against their own concentration | secondary active transport |
| materials move into or out of cell in | vesicles |
| 3 types of endocytosis | receptor-mediated endo. , pinocytosis, and phagocytosis |
| receptors bind ligands | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis receptors and their ligands migrate to | clathrin-coated pits of plasma membrane to enter cell |
| endocytosis that means to "drink" extracellular fluid in | PINOcytosis |
| "eats" it in (endocytosis) | phagocytosis |
| pseudopodia in phagocytosis | cytoplasmic extensions |
| releases materials out from the cell | exocytosis |
| which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to SECRETE materials into the ECF | exocytosis |
| lines and covers and makes glands | epithelia |
| layers of cells covering internal and external surfaces | epithelia |
| functions of epithelial tissue | provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensatino, produce specialized secretions (grandular epithelium) |
| epithelia attaches to | basement (basal) membrane |
| adhesion belt attaches to terminal web | tight junction |
| prevents passage of water and solutes, between two plasma membrane | tight junctions |
| in tight junctions what stops things from going in cell | terminal web (adhesion belt) |
| this junction allows small molecules and ions to pass | gap junctions |
| cells are held together by interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons) | gap junctions |
| in gap junctions cells are held together by interlocking transmembrane proteins called | connexons |
| gap junctions coordinates contractions in which type of muscle | heart muscle |
| tie cells together (weld cells together) | spot desmosomes |
| desmosomes uses what links | CAMs and Proteoglycans |
| desmosomes that attches to basement membrane | hemi-desmosomes |
| no ducts and releases hormones into bloodstream | endocrine glands |
| secretes through ducts into epithelial surfaces | exocrine |
| mero means | secrete in a vesicle |
| apo means | secrete the cytoplasm |
| holo means | "whole" the whole cell dies |
| example of merocrine secretion | sweat glands |
| example of apocrine secretion | mammary glands and axillary regions |
| example of holocrine secretion | sebaceous glands |
| sweat glands is an example of | merocrine secretion |
| mammary glands and axillary regions is an example of | apocrine secretion |
| sebacous gland is an example of | holocrine secretion |
| merocrine secretion is released by | secretory vesicles |
| apocrine secretion is released by | shedding cytoplasma |
| holocrine secretion is released by | cell bursting, killing gland cells |
| watery secretions | serous glands |
| secretes mucins | mucous glands |
| secretes both serous and mucous | mixed exocrine glands |
| serous glands secretes | water |
| example of mixed exocrine glands | saliva |
| mucous glands secretes | mucins |
| mixed exocrine glands secrete | both serous and mucous |
| most abundant cell type | fibroblasts |
| adipocytes makes | FAT |
| WHITE FAT WE DO NOT WANT | true |
| BROWN FAT WE WANT | true |
| which one of the fats are more efficient/common | white |
| 4 types of membrane | mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial |
| basement membrane of mucous membrane is | lamina propia |
| group of specialized cells and cell products that perform specific functions | tissues |
| tissues in combination forms | organs |
| four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue |
| tissue that covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways | epithelial tissue |
| epithelial tissue forms | glands |
| this type of tissue forms glands | epithelial tissue |
| epithelial tissue covers what | exposed surfaces |
| epithelial tisssue lines what | internal passageways |
| connective tissue fills what? | internal spaces |
| connective tissue supports.. | other tissues |
| connective tissue transports | materials |
| connective tissue stores | emergy |
| type of tissue fills internal spaces | connective tissue |
| type of tissue that supports other tissues | connective tissue |
| type of tissue that transports materials | connective tissue |
| this type of tissue stores energy | connective tissue |
| muscle tissue is specialized for | contraction |
| type of tissue specialized for contraction | muscle tissue |
| type of tissue that carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another | neural tissue |
| neural tissue carries what | electrical signals |
| layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces | epithelia |
| epithelia are layers of cells that covers what | internal or external surfaces |
| structures that produce secretions | glands |
| glands produce | secretions |
| 4 main functions of epithelial tissue | provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secretions |
| this type of epithelial tissue produce specialized secretions | grandular epithelium |
| 5 characteristics of epithelia | cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration. |
| avascularity means | no blood supply |
| basement membrane aka | basal lamina |
| epithelia has two types of surfaces: | apical and basolateral surfaces |
| 3 types of cell junctions | tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes |
| form bonds with other cells or extracellular material | cell junction |
| tight junctions are found between what | two plasma membrane |
| tight junctions contain this that attaches to terminal web | adhesion belt |
| tight junction isololates what? | wastes in the lumen |
| this junction prevents passage of water and solutes | tight junctions |
| tight junction prevents what | passage of water and solutes |
| gap junctions allow what to pass | small molecules and ions |
| this coordinate contractions in heart muscle | gap junctions |
| gap junctions have cells that are held together by | interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons) |
| two types of desmosomes | spot desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes |
| spot desmosomes main function | tie cells together like a weld between steel |
| this type of desmosomes allow bending and twisting | spot desmosomes |
| this attaches cells to basement membrane | hemi-desmosomes |
| hemi-desmosomes attach what to what | cells to basement membrane |
| CAMS aka | cell adhesion molecules |
| basement membrane of epithelia consist of these two laminas | basal and reticular |
| basement membrane closest to epithelium | basal lamina |
| deeper portion of basement membrane | reticular lamina |
| this basement membrane provides strength | reticular lamina |
| reticular lamina is a type of basement membrane provides what? | strength |
| two types of glandular epithelia | endocrine glands and exocrine glands |
| discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces | exocrine glands |
| exocrine glands discharge secretions through | ducts |
| endocrine glands releases what into what | hormones into the bloodstream |
| 3 modes of secretion | merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretion |
| this is found in all types of connective tissue proper | fibroblasts |
| fibroblasts secrete what | proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement) |
| this secretes proteins and hyaluronan | fibroblasts |
| cellular cement | hyaluronan |
| hyaluronan | cellular cement |
| second most abundant cell type | fibrocytes |
| these are adult cell type that maintain connective tissue fibers | fibrocytes |
| stem cells that respond to injury or infection | mesenchymal cells |
| mesenchymal cells are stem cells that respond to | injury or infection |
| these cells defferentiate into fibroblasts | mesenchymal cells |
| mesenchymal cells differentiate into | fibroblasts |
| these cells make melanin | melanocytes |
| melanocytes synthesizes and stores what | brown pigment melanin |
| large phagocytic cells of the immune system | macrophages |
| fixed macrophages stay in | tissue |
| free macrophages | migrates |
| the cells of connective tissue engulf pathogens and damaged cells | macrophages |
| stimulate inflammation after injury or infection | mast cells |
| releases histamine and heparin | mast cells |
| mast cells two main function | inflammation after injury and releases histamine and heparin |
| become t cells and B cells | lymphocytes |
| lymphocytes become | T cells and B cells |
| specialized cells of the lymphatic system | lymphocytes |
| migrate through body as key immune players | lymphocytes |
| phagocytic blood cells | microphages |
| attracted to signals from macrophages and mast cells | microphages |
| microphages are | phagocytic blood cells |
| connective tissue fibers (3): | collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers |
| most common fibers in connective tissue proper | collagen fibers |
| collagen fibers resist force in | one direction (tendons) |
| form a network of interwoven fibers (stroma) | reticular fibers |
| interwoven fibers aka | stroma |
| reticular fibers form what | network of interwoven fibers (stroma) |
| reticular fibers resist forces in | many directions |
| fibers that stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures | reticular fibers |
| fibers that form sheaths around organs | reticular fibers |
| reticular fibers form | sheaths around organs |
| elastic fibers contain | elastin |
| fun fact! elastic fibers return to original length after stretching | true |
| type of adipose tissue fat that is found in infants, young children, and hibernating bears | brown fat |
| brown fat contains many | mitochondria |
| membranes consist of | epithelium and is supported by connective tissue |
| physical barriers | membranes |
| line or cover portions of the body | membranes |
| adipose tissue type that stores fat, absorbes shocks, and insulates | white fat |
| reduce friction and facilitate absorption and excretion | mucous membranes |
| membrane that line cavities not open to the outside | serous membranes |
| serous membranes that covers the organ | visceral portion (serosa) |
| serous membranes (3 types) | pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium |
| skin, surface of the body membrane | cutaneous membrane |
| membrane that lines synovial joints | synovial membranes |
Created by:
mepando