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AICE Marine Unit 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| metamorphosis | changing of an organism from 1 form to another (such as changing from larval stage to adult) |
| larval stage | immature form of animals that undergo some metamorphosis, often having different food sources & habitats to avoid competition with adults |
| sessile | attached to a substrate/immobile |
| non-sessile | free-moving/not attached to substrate |
| shrimp | crustaceans |
| crab | crustaceans |
| loster | crustaceans |
| oyster | mollusk bivalves |
| clam | mollusk bivalves |
| scallop | mollusk bivalves |
| mussel | mollusk bivalves |
| simple life cycle | no majorly different stages (mammals & fishes - born as small versions of the adults) |
| complex life cycle | includes larval stages & metamorphosis (crustaceans & bivalves - different larval stages / metamorphosis) |
| having different stages | reduces competition for food or space (attachment site) |
| broadcast spawning | many sessile organisms & bony fishes): gametes are randomly released into the water (a lot of energy is used to produce so many eggs since so many are “wasted”) - external fertilization |
| internal fertilization | males insert claspers into female’s cloaca to deliver sperm |
| broadcast spawning | don't choose a mate; has more genetic diversity |
| internal fertilization | sharks and whales |
| internal fertilization | Chose a mate, increased chance that that 1 egg is fertilized (whale) |
| internal fertilization | Receives nourishment from placenta & umbilical cord (whales & some sharks) or from yolk sac (some sharks) |
| internal fertilization | Low number of offspring (whales - 1 calf) |
| internal fertilization | Sharks do not care for their offspring, but they did choose a mate based on favorable characteristics; whales care for their offspring (nourish, protect, teach) |
| external fertilization | tune and other bony fishes |
| external fertilization | Use a lot of energy to produce large number of gametes (eggs are large cells) |
| external fertilization | Producing large number of gametes increases chances of fertilization |
| external fertilization | However, not many are fertilized - eaten, die, carried away by currents |
| external fertilization | Might not make it to a “suitable” substrate for attachment (bivalves) |
| sonar | Uses sound waves to determine the distance to, size of, # of individuals in, size of individuals in a shoal, direction of movement (does not determine sex or species) |
| sonar | Measures the length of time for the waves to leave the ship and reflect off of the shoal |
| shoaling fishes | tuna, mackerel, anchovies, herring, sardines |
| purse seine nets | encircles a shallow-water shoal of fish & net closes off the bottom |
| purse seine nets | Can catch an entire shoal at a time; catches large numbers of fish |
| purse seine nets | Catches bycatch (unintended species caught AKA non-target species) – non-selective fishing |
| purse seine nets | does NOT damage habitat |
| benthic trawling | Used to catch demersal fishes & other benthic organisms (shrimp, cod, flat fishes) |
| benthic trawling | Drags a large net across the seafloor |
| benthic trawling | Catches anything & everything in its path |
| benthic trawling | Catches large #s of benthic organisms |
| benthic trawling | Catches a lot of bycatch |
| benthic trawling | Damages the seafloor / benthic habitats / coral reefs |
| benthic trawling | Sediment plumes / suspended sediment |
| pelagic/midwater trawling | Drags net through middle of the water column |
| pelagic/midwater trawling | Can catch an entire shoal of fish like herring |
| pelagic/midwater trawling | large numbers |
| pelagic/midwater trawling | by-catch |
| pelagic/midwater trawling | does NOT damage habitats |
| long line fishing | long line of baited hooks |
| long line fihsing | a lot of bycatch are entangled and suffocate or drown |
| gill nets | curtain or wall of netting |
| gill nets | Either floating near the surface or anchored near the bottom |
| gill nets | Fishes swim into it, try to swim out of it, & get entangled / gills are caught |
| gill nets | Salmon, cod, haddock, herring, mullet, seabass |
| FADs | Fish aggregating device |
| FADs | Pelagic species |
| FADs | Have a specific electronic signal for their owner to be able to find (to harvest fish) & keep track of |
| FADs | Less time looking for fishing grounds |
| FADs | less fuel used |
| traps and pots | wire or wood |
| traps and pots | To catch benthic species: crabs, lobsters, whelk, black sea bass, eels |
| traps and pots | bait to lure animals inside |
| traps and pots | Can easily enter, but difficult to escape (small animals can escape) |
| traps and pots | Buoy on the surface Can entangle turtles & mammals |
| factory ships | Can remain at sea for long periods of time |
| factory ships | can travel farther distances |
| factory ships | Have onboard processing and freezing, so when they return to port they bring fresh seafood |
| sustainable fishing | maintaining population numbers (stocks) & not damaging the habitat or other populations |
| recruitment | rate of new fish added to the population, depends on both reproduction rate & survival of offspring |
| growth | can be measured by counting the annuli/year marks on their scales or otoliths (ear bones) |
| natural mortality | death due to natural causes; disease, predation, etc |
| fishing mortality | death due to harvesting |
| age of reproductive maturity | often dependent on size of population & ratio of males & females |
| fecundity | # of eggs produced (dependent on size/age |
| dependency on particular habitats | Spawning sites (aggregation sites) |
| dependency on particular habitats | Habitats for juvenile stages |
| dependency on particular habitats | Habitats for adults |
| restriction by season | so not during mating season; still impacts non-target species |
| restriction by quotas | AKA “bag limits” # of organisms allowed to harvest/remove; still impacts non-target species |
| restriction by licensing | must have a fishing license (commercial or recreational) & only a certain number are issued; still catch non-target species |
| restriction of location | including refuge zones, no-take zones, & MPAs - so not at spawning aggregations / spawning grounds or where juveniles live; can still catch non-target species |
| restriction of method | including minimum mesh sizes & the compulsory use of rod-&-line; can still catch non-target species |
| restrictions on the size of an organism that can be retained | usually a minimum (to allow to reach reproductive maturity); can still catch non-target |
| restriction of fishing intensity | including restrictions on the # of boats (fleet), boat & engine size, amount of fishing gear (for example, maximum net size, maximum # of traps, using circle instead of J hooks to reduce bycatch) |
| monitoring | including air & sea patrols, satellite tracking, inspection of catch & fishing gear, log books |
| monitoring | Most ships use the Automatic Identification System (AIS) - a satellite communication method originally used for maritime safety & security; broadcasts info like vessel ID, position, course, & speed |
| monitoring | CPUE = fishing catch / fishing effort (days spent fishing, size of engines, size of boats, # of traps set) - can monitor & assess health of fish stocks |
| enforcement | including imposition of fines, confiscation of boats & gear, imprisonment |
| consumer oriented tools | including labelling, publicity campaigns, & price tariffs |
| restricted fishing - short term | Reduced fishing intensity |
| restricted fishing - short term | fewer boats |
| restricted fishing - short term | Increased unemployment |
| restricted fishing - short term | reduced earnings |
| unrestricted fishing - short term | Continued high intensity fishing |
| unrestricted fishing - short term | continued employment |
| unrestricted fishing - short term | no reduction in earnings |
| restricted fishing - long term | Ensures future employment & income |
| restricted fishing - long term | sustainable future fishing |
| unrestricted fishing - long term | fish stocks collapse |
| unrestricted fishing - long term | Total loss of fishing industry |
| unrestricted fishing - long term | Mass unemployment & loss of income |
| replanting mangroves - advantages | increase fish stocks |
| replanting mangroves - advantages | Acts as nursery ground for many species |
| replanting mangroves - advantages | Reduces coastal erosion |
| replanting mangroves - disadvantages | Requires research & skilled workers |
| replanting mangroves - disadvantages | financially costly |
| replanting mangroves - disadvantages | May not grow successfully if not planted correctly |
| replanting mangroves - disadvantages | restricted access while mangroves establish |
| replanting mangroves - disadvantages | Often planted as single species = so less biodiversity |
| building artificial reefs - advantages | increases fish stocks |
| building artificial reefs - advantages | Increases biodiversity of marine species |
| building artificial reefs - disadvantages | may contain toxins |
| building artificial reefs - disadvantages | May damage other habitats |
| Releasing cultivated fish - advantages | Increases fish stocks |
| Releasing cultivated fish - disadvantages | May affect gene pool of wild fish |
| Releasing cultivated fish - disadvantages | may introduce disease |
| Releasing cultivated fish - disadvantages | May disrupt food chains (outcompete wild fish) |
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