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Pols exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The collection of public institutions in a nation that establish and enforce the rules by which the members of that nation must live. | Government |
| An agreement to form a government and abide by its rules. | Social Contract |
| Equality and fair treatment of all groups within the various institutions in society that serve the public at large. | Social equality |
| The idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life | Equality of opportunity |
| A condition in which members of different groups possess substantially the same rights to participate actively in the political system. | Political equality |
| Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone consumes and must share | Public goods |
| A political orientation that favors a more assertive role in the redistribution of economic resources, but emphasizes individual freedom on a range of social issues. | Liberalism |
| Formal document listing colonists' grievances and articulating the colonists' intention to seek independence; formally adopted on July 4, 1776. | Declaration of Independence |
| Freedom of choice. | Liberty |
| A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. | Republic |
| A form of government in which one person, usually a member of a royal family or a royal designate, exercises supreme authority. | Monarchy |
| A form of government in which a small exclusive class, which may or may not attempt to rule on behalf of the people as a whole, holds supreme power. | Oligarchy |
| A form of government in which a particular religion or faith plays a dominant role in the government. | Theocracy |
| The right to vote. | Franchise (Suffrage) |
| Rights citizens are born with (including life, liberty, and property) that government cannot take away. | Natural rights |
| The idea that the ultimate source of power in the nation is held by the people. | Popular sovereignty |
| A form of government designed by the U.S. Constitution whereby free, open, and regular elections are held to allow citizens to elect individuals who govern on their behalf and who are responsible for making and enforcing public policy. | Representative democracy |
| A system of government in which all citizens participate in making policy, rules, and governing decisions. | Direct democracy |
| The values and beliefs about government, its purpose, and its operations and institutions that are widely held among citizens in a society. | Political culture |
| Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. | Amendment 1 |
| Right to keep and bear arms. | Amendment 2 |
| - Prohibits the quartering of troops. | Amendment 3 |
| Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures | Amendment 4 |
| Right to a fair trail, can't be tried twice for the same crime, and you don't have to testify against yourself. | Amendment 5 |
| Right to a fair, speedy trial | Amendment 6 |
| Right to a trial by jury in civil cases | Amendment 7 |
| Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. | Amendment 8 |
| The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. | Amendment 9 |
| Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people | Amendment 10 |
| Prohibition of slavery | Amendment 13 |
| Rights of citizens: 1)all persons born in the united states are granted citizenship, 2) no state can deny any person the equal protection of the laws, 3)no state can deny any person life, liberty, property without due process of law | Amendment 14 |
| No denial of vote because of race, color, previous condition of servitude | Amendment 15 |
| Women's right to vote | Amendment 19 |
| Presidential/VP/congressional terms of office begin in Jan; New meeting dates for Congress; Emergency presidential and VP succession | Amendment 20 |
| (Presidential Term Limits) Limits the president to two terms or a maximum of ten years | Amendment 22 |
| Right to vote for president in District of Columbia | Amendment 23 |
| The supreme political power of a government to regulate its affairs without outside interference. | Sovereignty |
| The doctrine underlying a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and constituent political subunits. | Federalism |
| The doctrine of federalism that affords Congress nearly unlimited authority to exercise its powers through means that often coerce states into administering and/or enforcing federal policies. | Cooperative federalism |
| The doctrine of federalism that holds that state authority acts as a limit on congressional power under the Constitution. | Dual federalism |
| The right of states to limit the power of the federal government. | States' rights |
| Grants from the federal government to states that allow state governments to pursue specific federal policies, such as highway construction. | Grants-in-aid |
| A proposal that empowered three separate branches of government, including a legislature with membership proportional to population. | Virginia plan |
| A proposal that would have retained the Articles of Confederation principle of a legislature where states enjoyed equal representation. | New Jersey plan |
| A compromise proposal in which five slaves would be counted as the equivalent of three free people for purposes of taxes and representation. | Three-Fifths Compromise |
| The Great Compromise; bicameral congress with equal representation in one house and proportional representation in the other house. | Connecticut plan |
| Article of the Constitution that defines the Legislative Branch, it's powers, members, and workings. | Article 1 |
| Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, it's powers, duties, and means of removal. | Article 2 |
| Article of the Constitution that sets up the Judicial Branch and defines treason. | Article 3 |
| Express powers explicitly granted by the Constitution such as the taxing power specifically granted to Congress. | Enumerated powers |
| Those powers expressly retained by the state governments under the Constitution. | Reserved powers |
| Those powers shared by the federal and state governments under the Constitution. | Concurrent powers |
| The clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that affords Congress the power to make laws that serve as a means to achieving its expressly delegated powers. | Necessary and proper clause |
| Powers that congress has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution. | Implied powers |
| The provision in Article VI, Clause 2 of the Constitution that provides that the Constitution and federal laws override any conflicting provisions in state constitutions or state laws. | Supremacy clause |
| The provision in Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution that forces states to abide by the official acts and proceedings of all other states. | Full faith and credit clause |
| The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the constitution, which authorizes congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. | Elastic clause |
| The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. | Interstate Commerce clause |
| Two-thirds, or nine states. | Sates needed to ratify original Constitution - |
| The principle that each branch of government enjoys separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. | Separation of powers |
| The transfer of power and responsibilities for certain regulatory programs from the federal government back to the states. | Devolution |
| A document giving an official instruction or command. | Mandate |
| A directive from the federal government to the states requiring that they perform certain functions, with no accompanying funds to support those functions. | Unfunded mandate |
| The division of a legislature into two separate assemblies. | Bicameralism |
| This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review. | Marbury v. Madison |
| The case that established that Congress enjoys broad and extensive authority to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out its constitutionally delegated powers. | McCulloch v. Maryland |
| The case that ruled that slaves were property and could not sue. | Dred Scott v. Sanford |
| The federal law that invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws. | Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| The federal law that banned racial discrimination in all public accommodations | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison | Judicial Review |
| Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. | Supremacy clause |
| Being tried twice for the same crime. This is prevented by the 5th Amendment | Double Jeopardy |
| 5th Amendment Principle stating that government must follow procedures in trials | Due process |
| The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments. | Selective incorporation |
| fundamental individual right protected by law and expressed as immunity from unwarranted governmental interference | Civil Liberty |
| Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. | Civil rights |
| A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities | Affirmative action |
| Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies. | De jure segregation |
| Racial segregation that occurs because of past social and economic conditions and residential racial patterns. | De facto segregation |
| 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | Articles of Confederation |
| Power of a government to take private property for public use; the U.S. Constitution gives national and state governments this power and requires them to provide just compensation for property so taken. | Eminent domain |
| A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct | Exclusionary rule |
| separate facilities were except able as long as they were substantially equal, couldn't force social interaction | Plessy V. Ferguson decision |
| Court realized that just because they're labeled equal they aren't. This case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and ended segregation. | Brown V. Board decision |
| 13,14,15 Amendments. The thirteenth amendment abolished slavery. The 14th guaranteed citizenship to former slavers. The 15th declared that states may not deny the vote of any citizen on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." | Civil war Amendments |
| The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion. | Lemon Test |
| Periods of Federalism | 1789 to 1901 |
| Event that highlighted the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and sparked the new constitution debate. | Shay Rebellion |
| Criminal law that touches on a constitutionally protected interest must be rationally related to furthering a legitimate government interest. | Standards of Judicial Review for civil rights case |
| The concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved | Equality of outcome |
| a centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single central agency | Unitary government |
| a form of government in which states hold power over a limited national government. | Confederal government |
| A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments | Federal Government |
| 14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination | Equal protection clause |
| one has a right to issue commands and punish those who don't follow them | legitimate Authority |
| using force, Executive Branch | Power of the sword |
| uses money, Legislative Branch | Power of the purse |
| the ability to get a person or group to do what they otherwise would not do. | Relational power |
| form of persuasive communication that urges people to support, or take actions to advance, a political goal by manipulating their irrational biases and concealing from them things they reasonably should consider. | Propaganda |
| Good that individuals within a group can be excluded from enjoying | Private goods |
| Good that individuals within a group cannot be excluded from enjoying | Public goods |
| To enjoy the benefits of a public good without bearing part of the burden of providing it. | Free riding |
| national defence, infrastructure, education, security | Goods all governments provide |
| An association that seeks to influence government to benefit members of the association or advance a cause they share a belief in. | Intrest Group |
| An organization that seeks to influence government by getting members elected to office and by coordinating the actions of elected officials in government. | Political party |
| Document with fundamental “laws” that allegedly bind a particular government, but that, in reality, are routinely violated by the government. | Sham Constitution |
| Governments that are effectively bound by fundamental laws. | Constitutional government |
Created by:
laurentowns