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AP Bio Unit 5
meiosis & heredity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monosomy | the condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one chromosome lacks its homologous partner |
| Trisomy | the condition where a diploid organism has three copies of its chromosomes and not two |
| Genes | units of heredity made up of DNA |
| Gametes | reproductive cells; sperm and egg |
| Somatic Cells | all body cells except gametes |
| Locus | a gne's specific position along a chromosome |
| Asexual Reproduction | single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes |
| Sexual Reproduction | two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents |
| Karyotype | an ordered display of a cell's chromosome pairs |
| Homologous Chromosomes | two chromosomes in each pair that are the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters |
| Sex Chromosomes | X and Y chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual |
| Autosomes | pairs of chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes |
| Diploid Cell (2n) | cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes |
| Haploid Cell (n) | cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes |
| Fertilization | union of gametes (sperm & egg) |
| Zygote | fertilized egg with 1 set of chromosomes from each parent |
| Sex Chromosomes in a Female | XX |
| Sex Chromosomes in a Male | XY |
| Gametes are a form of | haploid cell |
| Sister Chromatid Cohesion | after chromosomes duplicate resulting sister chromatids are closely associated along their lengths |
| Prophase I | chromosomes pair with their homologs and crossing over occurs at the chiasmata |
| Metaphase I | homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase I | pairs of homologs separate and each chromosome moves toward a pole, sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere |
| Telophase I and Cytokinesis | 2 haploid sets of chromosomes result in 2 daughter haploid cells |
| Chiasmata | x-shaped regions that are the sites of crossovers |
| When does chromosome replication occur during meiosis? | only once before Meiosis I |
| Prophase II | spindle apparatus forms |
| Metaphase II | sister chromatids arrange at metaphase plate |
| Anaphase II | sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles |
| Telophase II and Cytokinesis | chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, 4 daughter cells result each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes that are each genetically distinct |
| What events are unique to meiosis? | synapsis and crossover, homologous pairs at the metaphase plate, separation of homologs during Anaphase I |
| What are the 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation? | independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization |
| What is the source of genetic diversity? | mutations |
| Character | a heritable feature that varies among individuals |
| Trait | each variant for a character |
| True-breeding | plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate |
| Hybridization | the mating of two contrasting, true-breeding varieties |
| P Generation | true-breeding parents |
| F1 Generation | hybrid offspring of the P generation |
| F2 Generation | varieties that result from the self pollination or cross pollination of F1s with other F1s |
| Homozygote | an organism with 2 identical alleles for a character |
| Heterozygote | an organism with 2 different alleles for a gene |
| Phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Testcross | breeding mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual to determine whether it is homozygous dominant/heterozygous |
| Monohybrids | F1 offspring that are heterozygous for one character |
| Monohybrid cross | a cross between heterozygotes for one character |
| Dihybrids | hybrids that are heterozygous for alleles of two different genes |
| Dihybrid cross | a cross between 2 individuals with 2 observed traits that are controlled by 2 genes |
| The law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation |
| Complete Dominance | phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical |
| Incomplete Dominance | phenotype of F1 hybrids is in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties |
| Codominance | two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
| Tay-Sachs disease | fatal autosomal-recessive disease where dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in the brain |
| Multiple alleles | most genes exist in more t han 2 alletic forms |
| Pleiotropy | the property of most genes to have multiple phenotypic effects |
| Polygenic inheritance | multiple genes independently affect a single trait (eye color) |
| Quantitative characters | vary in the population along a continuum (height) |
| Multifactorial | traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences |
| Pedigree | family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations and can be used to trace inheritance patterns |
| Carriers | heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal |
| Cystic Fibrosis | a recessive-autosomal genetic disorder that causes problems with breathing and digestion as the CF allele results in defective/absent chloride transport channels in plasma membrane |
| Sickle-Cell Disease | abnormal hemoglobin protein in red blood cells caused by the substitution of 1 amino acid that affects 1/400 African-Americans |
| Huntington's disease | a degenerative dominant-allele disease of the nervous system that has no obvious phenotypic effects until ~35-40 and once it begins is irreversible and fatal |
| Multifactorial diseases | diseases that have genetic & environmental components |
| SRY gene | sex-determining region on the Y chromosome that is responsible for the development of testes in the embryo |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene that is located on either sex chromosome (but usually refers to X-linked genes) |
| X Inactivation in Female Mammals | one of two X chromosomes in female mammals is randomly inactivated |
| Linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together |
| Genetic Recombination | the production of offspring with combinations of fruits differing from either parent |
| Parental Types | offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes |
| Recombinant Types | offspring with nonparental phenotypes |
| Genetic Map | an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome where distance and recombination frequency have a direct relationship |
| Linkage Map | a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies |
| Nondisjunction | pairs of homologous chromosomes that do not separate normally during meiosis (& mitosis) |
| Aneuploidy | the condition that results from the fertilization of gametes where nondisjunction occured |
| Polyploidy | a condition where an organism has >2 complete sets of chromosomes |
| Deletion | a chromosomal fragment is removed |
| Inversion | reverses the orientation of a segment within a chromosome |
| Duplication | a segment of the chromosome is repeated |
| Translocation | moves a segment from one chromosome to another |
| Klinefelter syndrome | nondisjunction of sex chromosomes resulting in XXY individuals |
| Monosomy X (Turners Syndrome) | produces XO females and is the only form of monosomy in humans |
| Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) | a aneuploid condition resulting in 3 copies of chromosome 21 |
| Cri du chat | deletion of chromosome 5 that causes death in early childhood |
| Synaptonemal complex | a zipper-like structure that hold one homolog tightly to the other |
| How many cells become eggs in each round of oogenesis? | 1/4 |
| Independent Assortment of Chromosomes | chromosomes randomly go to daughter cells so each daughter cell contains different amounts of DNA from each parent |
| Crossing Over | production of recombinant chromosomes that contain DNA from both parents, creates daughter cells with different alleles because they come from different parents |
| Random Fertilization | any egg can pair with any sperm, increasing permutations for possible zygotes |
| Eye color is to ___ as blue eyes are to ____ | character, trait |
| Law of Segregation | when an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly |
| Barr body | an inactive X chromosome found specifically in female mammals |
| Do linked genes sort independently? | they rarely sort independently as their loci are close together on a chromosome so crossing over rarely separates them |
| Physical traits of XXX? | increased risk of learning disabilities |
| Physical traits of XXY? | low testosterone, reduced muscle mass, issues with fertility |
| Physical traits of XO? | sterile |
| Physical traits of XYY? | no symptoms |
| XXX | Triple X Syndrome/Trisomy X |
| XXY | Klinefelter syndrome |
| XYY | Jacob's syndrome |
| XO | Turner syndrome/ Monosomy X |
| Which genes only come from your mother? | mitochondrial genes |
| Genomic Imprinting | an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father |
| If your chi-squared calculated value is greater than the chi-square critical value then | you reject your null hypothesis |
| If your chi-square calculated value is less than the chi-square critical value then | you "fail to reject" your null hypothesis |
| Given a calculated chi-square value of 0.36 and a critical value of 3.84 | you cannot reject the null hypothesis |
| If an individual expressing trait has 2 normal parents | recessive autosomal inheritance |
| If two affected parents only have affected children | recessive autosomal inheritance |
| You can only have carriers | for recessive diseases |
| Heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals appear the same phenotypically in | dominant diseases |
| Every affected person has at least one affected parent | dominant autosomal inheritance |
| Each generation will have affected individuals | dominant autosomal inheritance |
| No father-to-son transmission | recessive sex-linked inheritance |
| Predominantly males affected | recessive sex-linked inheritance |
| Traits skip generations | recessive (autosomal/sex-linked) inheritance |
| Law of Independence Assortment relates to chromosomes during | Metaphase |
| Law of Segregation relates to chromosomes during | Anaphase |
Created by:
theshan