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CCJ3011 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A researcher is trying to determine cause and effect between two factors. As part of this, the researcher ensures that no other factors could have affected the result. This researcher is checking for ______. | spuriousness |
| spuriousness | What may be the cause between two variable but there is a third variable that is not accounted for. |
| parsimony | explains criminal behavior with fewest possible concepts |
| statutory exclusion | Excludes juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction |
| testability | the ability to run an experiment to test a hypothesis or theory. |
| Which perspective assumes the law is implemented to maintain the power of the dominant group? | conflict |
| conflict perspective | criminal behavior that assumes people disagree with the laws and rules of society |
| criminal justice | courts, law enforcement, & corrections |
| consensus perspective | criminal behavior that assumes people agrees with the laws and rules of society |
| A study indicates social isolation is linked to depression; however, the researcher is not sure which variable is causing a change in the other. What is the researcher attempting to determine? | temporal order |
| temporal order | cause & effect in time |
| correlation | IDK |
| logical consistency | Concepts make sense in terms of face value & consistency (crime rates & trends) |
| What is the primary role of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)? | to educate others on how long-term exposure to violence affects children and find ways to address this problem |
| A criminologist states that the best criminology theory is one that explains criminal behavior in the simplest terms possible. What concept is this criminologist is referring to? | parsimony |
| empirical validity | A theory is supported by scientific research |
| Which is an example of active victim precipitation? | A person yells obscenities at someone while in the park. |
| Active victim precipitation | When individuals increase the likelihood they will e victimized by proactively doing something |
| A local law enforcement officer sends a substance collected at a crime scene to the crime lab for analysis. Which agency is the officer interacting with? | State Police |
| State police | investigate major crimes; intelligence units, drug-trafficking units, juvenile units & crime laboratories |
| Highway patrol | enforce the laws govern the operation of motor vehicles on public roads & highways |
| limited jurisdiction | misdemeanors |
| general jurisdiction | any case (misdemeanors & felonies) + appeals from a lower court |
| appellate jurisdiction | appeals from lower courts & trial courts |
| probation | offender to comply W/ certain terms for a specific amount of time |
| Jail | individuals convicted of a minor crime & individuals waiting for trial |
| Prison | individuals convicted of more serious crimes W/ longer sentences |
| What is the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita offenses? | Mala in se acts are highly deviant and inherently immoral, whereas mala prohibita acts are not inherently immoral. |
| Mala in se | acts that are inherently evil |
| Mala prohibita | crimes that are illegal but not immoral |
| Which scenario demonstrates the concept of parens patriae? | A judge removes a child from an abusive home. |
| parens patriae | allows states to intervene when it come to the care of juveniles |
| What type of case could both a court of general jurisdiction and a court of limited jurisdiction try and decide? | a criminal case about a misdemeanor crime |
| Criminology (Sutherland) | study of crime & describes why people engage / not in criminal behavior. |
| common themes in criminology definition | A science that studies crime & criminal behavior |
| theory | explains why crime happens & proposed explanation |
| Criminal Justice system | (1) enforces the standards of conduct to protect individuals & the community, (2) Apprehending, (3) prosecuting, (4) convicting, & (5) sentencing violating members of the community |
| Victimology | study of victims; legal rights of victims, & spatial (location) distribution of victimization in each geographic area. |
| Methodology | explains why crime occurred, used to test theories, & observes trends in large populations |
| Ideology | the set of beliefs / values that everyone develops about the way the world is (how we see the world) |
| Crime (legalistic) | crime is an intention act in violation of the criminal law & excludes behavior that is not criminalized, detected, reported to law enforcement, or prosecuted. |
| Crime (broader) | antisocial behavior that violates conduct norms / deviance |
| Crime (critical) | political & economic forces play the key role in generating crime & deviance; power structure is considered. |
| Social contracts (Hobbes) | promise the state / government not to commit offenses against other citizens & in turn gain protection from being violated by other citizens. |
| Criminal behavior | socially enacted contracts describing appropriate & inappropriate behaviors. |
| criminality | underlying traits that are ultimately responsible for bringing about criminal behavior |
| social universals | something that is constant across all social groups |
| Uniform Crime Report (UCR) | generate a consistent set of crime statistics that can be used in law enforcement administration, operation, & management. |
| Part I offenses | criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, Arson |
| Part II offenses | Everything other than Part I |
| UCR reporting rules | based on actual counts of those crimes reported by law enforcement agencies. |
| UCR strengths | (1) nationwide statics (generalizability), (2) collected & stored since 1930, (3) Easily accessible, & (4) includes homicide measure |
| UCR limitations | (1) emphasis on street crimes, (2) subject to political manipulation, (3) lack of detail, (4) inaccurate counts (indirect measure of crimes |
| Dark figure of crime | unreported crimes |
| National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) | an enhanced version of the UCR that collects more detailed information on incidents. |
| What's the differences between the UCR & NIBRS? | (1) UCR collects the # of criminal incidents (8 offenses), (2) NIBRS expands the types of offenses reported, (3) NIBRS uses an incident-based reporting system, |
| NIBRS segments | (a) administrative, (b) offense, (c) property, (d) victim, (e) offender, (f) arrestee – armed W/ weapon, resident status |
| administrative | incident # & incident date / hour |
| offense | attempted /completed, type of location, type of weapon / force involved |
| property | type of property loss, value of property, |
| victim | type of injury, victims’ relationship to offender |
| offender | age, sex |
| NIBRS primary aims | (1) enhance the quantity, quality & timeliness of crime & (2) improve the methodology used for compiling, auditing, & publishing crime data |
| NIBRS group A crimes (1-10) | (1) animal cruelty, (2) arson, (3) assault offenses, (4) bribery, (5) burglary/ breaking and entering, (6) counterfeiting / forgery, (7) destruction/ damage/ vandalism of property, (8) drug / narcotic offenses, (9) embezzlement, (10) extortion blackmail, |
| NIBRS group A crimes (11-20) | (11) fraud offenses, (12) gambling offenses, (13) homicide offenses, (14) human trafficking, (15) kidnapping/ abduction, (16) larceny theft offenses, (17) motor-vehicle theft, (18) pornography/ obscene material, (19) prostitution offenses, (20) robbery, |
| NIBRS group A crimes (21 - 23) | (21) sex offenses (22) stolen property offenses, (23) weapon law |
| NiBRS group B | (1) bad checks, (2) curfew / loitering / vagrancy violations, (3) disorderly conduct, (4) driving under the influence, (5) drunkenness, (6) Family offenses, nonviolent, (7) liquor law violations, (8) peeping Tom, (9) trespass of real property, |
| NIBRS strengths | (1) eliminates the hierarchy rules, (2) includes much more information for reach recorded crime incident, (3) includes a greater # of crime categories |
| NIBRS limitations | (1) still relies on public reporting of offenses |
| National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) | interviews with victims of crimes |
| NCVS sampling procedures (1-4) | (1) Multistage cluster sample of households & business (rotating panel design), (2) select census tracts within states, (3) select households/businesses within tracts, (4) interview all eligible respondent (~ 40,000) |
| NCVS sampling procedures (5-7) | (5) must be over the age of 12, (6) 1st interview is in-person, subsequent interviews are over the phone, (7) interviewed every 6 months, (8) remains in the sample for up to 3 years |
| NCVS interview procedures | ask about a wide range of crimes & additional information of crime is gathered |
| NCVS strengths | (1) not subject to the "dark figure", (2) comparable W/ the UCR/NIBS (3) collects more incident information than the UCR, (4) collects information about crime victims, (5) not subject to political manipulation, (6) publicly available data |
| NCVS limitations | (1) only includes victims that are 12 & older, (2) cannot collect information on homicide, (3) difficult to collect data on white collar crime, (4) specific geographic locations cannot b e examine, (5) presence of an interviewer affects responses, |
| NCVS limitations (6) | (6) "series incidents" are an issue - (6A) incidents with no clear beginning / end (ongoing) & (6B) difficult to provide an accurate - underestimation |
| Self-report data | collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves. |
| Self-report data sampling | traditionally used sample of juveniles & adult samples become popular over time |
| cross-sectional | just one follow up |
| longitudinal studies | multiple follow ups |
| Self-report data strengths | (1) direct source of crime data, (2) not subject to political manipulation, (3) highly versatile |
| Self-report data limitations | (1) costly to carry out, (2) typically require some sort of grant funding, (3) time consuming (longitudinal studies in particular), (4) secondary data concerns, (5) typically not collected on a regular basis |
| Supplementary homicide reports | collect additional information pertaining to the incident, including details of the victim & the offender, their relationship to each other, the weapon used & the circumstances. |
| hate crime data | collects information on traditional offers that have an addition factor of bias |
| Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) | collects data from participating officer line-of-duty & assaults |
| line-of-duty | when the officer is on / off duty & acting in an official capacity while reacting to a situation that would ordinarily fall within the scope of his / her official duties as a law enforcement officer. |
| felonious death | occurs when an officer is killed because of / while performing his / her official duties & as a direct result of a criminal act by a subject |
| accidental death | occurs when an officer dies as a result of an accident, he / she is involved in while performing his / her duties |
| National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program | Data are collected on the number of prisoners in state and federal prison facilities; these prisoners' age, race, and sex; inmates held in private facilities and local jails; system capacity; noncitizens; and persons age 17 or younger in custody |
| Spatial analyses of crime | focuses on crime places; location, distance, direction, patterns |
| what is the volume of crime? | how much crime in the U.S. |
| Crime rates | allows us to compare across different population |
| How to calculate crime rates? | crime rate / population * 100,000 |
| What is the importance of using rates? | Standardizes the statistic |
| What is the geographic distribution of crime ? | crime does cluster within specific region of the country |
| community size | rural areas tend to be safer than urban area |
| what are the factors contributing to differences in crime rates? | (1) anonymity- harder to build interpersonal relationships & people are moving in our of the community & (2) opportunity - greater number of potential targets for criminal activity |
| What are the crime trends over time? | temporal distribution: (1) crimes rates likely very high throughout the 1700s & 1800s & (2) sharp increases between 1910 & 1920 --- prohibition & The Great Depression, |
| What are the theoretical explanations for the crime drop in the 90s & early 2000s? | (1) incarceration practices, (2) policing practices, (3) demographic changes, (4) abortion |
| interdisciplinary research | (1) reluctance of many criminologists to interstate, (2) sociological explanations, (3) openly rejects / ignore other explanations |
| UCR historical development | developed in the 1920s, finalized in 1929, |
| UCR population | most cited statistics, collected from police departments, submitted voluntarily, more than 18,000 agencies report data & Florida had paper files since 2021 |
| UCR availability | publicly available (FBI website) |
| UCR primary aims | (1) crime that has been brought to the attention of the police, (2) Reports a minimal amount of information, (3) Primarily a count or tally of crime in the US for a given year |
| NCVS historical development | began in 1972, used to be called National Crime Survey (NCS), supervised by the law enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), & supervised by the US Census Bureau |
| NCVS primary source of data | Data are gathered from victims rather than offenders, Directly addresses the “Dark Figure” of crime, Uses a nationally representative sample of households and businesses in the US |
| How is homicide a proxy ? | Homicide rates tend to be a good indication of overall crime & plot homicide rates since 1930 using the UCR |
| Theoretical explanation 1910- 1930: | crime was low, increase (1920-1930) due to the industrialization in the US, population increases & rapid urbanization, increases in (1920-1930) |
| Theoretical explanation 1940 -1950 | decrease in the early 1940s, new economic policies (Roosevelt’s New Deal), prohibition was repealed, US entered WWII, crime rates increased slightly when men returned in 1945, remained stable through the 1950s |
| Theoretical explanation 1960 -1970 | increase dramatically in the early 1965-1975, overall crime more than doubled, greatest increase in overall crime |
| Reasons for increase in 1960 -1970 | baby boomers entering adolescence / early adulthood, drug use & favorable attitudes toward drugs, social unrest during this time – women’s rights, Vietnam protests, civil disobedience |
| Reasons for increase in 1960 -1970: | baby boomers entering adolescence / early adulthood, drug use & favorable attitudes toward drugs, social unrest during this time – women’s rights, Vietnam protests, civil disobedience |
| Crime rates in 1980s – 1990s: | violent crime peak, declined a bit in 1980s & then rose in the late 1980s early 1990s. |
Created by:
LelaV