Question 1

Definition of 
Human Acts

Accepted Answer

“actions that proceed from insight 
into the nature and purpose of one’s 
doing and from consent of free will.”

Question 2

actions done by a 
person in certain situations which are 
essentially the result of his/her conscious 
knowledge, freedom and voluntariness.

Accepted Answer

Human Acts

Question 3

he defines Human Acts as

Accepted Answer

an act which proceeds from the 
deliberate free will of man; this 
consciousness of an act 
differentiates human acts from the 
acts of man as well as the acts done 
by animals.

Question 4

Basic 
Elements of 
Human Acts

Accepted Answer

The Act must be deliberate, The act must be performed in 
freedom, The act must be done 
voluntarily,

Question 5

It must be performed by a conscious agent 
who is very much aware of what he/she is 
doing and of its consequences 
– whether it 
may be good or evil.

Accepted Answer

The Act must be deliberate

Question 6

It must be done by an agent who is acting 
freely, with his/her own volition and 
powers. The person acting should be free.

Accepted Answer

The act must be performed in 
freedom

Question 7

what is The act must be done 
voluntarily

Accepted Answer

It must be performed by an agent who 
decides wilfully to perform the act.

Question 8

Major 
Determinants of 
the Morality of 
Human Acts

Accepted Answer

The Act Itself or the 
Object of the Act, The Motive or Intention, The Circumstances,

Question 9

“It refers to the action that is done or 
performed by an agent.”

Accepted Answer

The Act Itself or the 
Object of the Act

Question 10

It is the natural termination or 
completion of an act, whether the act is 
good or evil.

Accepted Answer

The Act Itself or the 
Object of the Act

Question 11

This is the substance of the moral act

Accepted Answer

The Act Itself or the 
Object of the Act

Question 12

More concretely the object of the act is

Accepted Answer

“that act effect which action primarily 
and directly causes. It is always and 
necessarily the result of the act, 
independent of any circumstances or of 
the intention of the agent.”

Question 13

It is the purpose that for the sake of which 
something is done.

Accepted Answer

The Motive or Intention

Question 14

Refers to the various conditions outside of 
the act. They are not part of the act itself.

Accepted Answer

The Circumstances

Question 15

Four Types of Circumstances that Affect 
the Morality of the Act:

Accepted Answer

1. Mitigating or extenuating 
circumstances
2. Aggravating circumstances
3. Justifying circumstances
4. Specifying Circumstances

Question 16

Seven specific kinds of 
circumstances:

Accepted Answer

A. Who, B. Where, C. By What Means, D. 
Why, E. How; F. When; and G. To Whom

Question 17

These are factors and conditions 
that affect man’s inner disposition.

Accepted Answer

Modifiers of 
Human Acts

Question 18

a person could not be held liable if he 
or she is not aware of the state of his 
or her ignorance

Accepted Answer

Invincible ignorance 
renders an act involuntary

Question 19

a person who is aware of the state of 
ignorance has the moral obligation to 
correct it through diligence.

Accepted Answer

Vincible Ignorance does not 
destroy, but lessens the 
voluntariness and the corresponding 
accountability over the act.

Question 20

Degree of the person’s responsibility:

Accepted Answer

1. The amount of effort spent to obtain 
necessary information to dispel 
ignorance.
2. The gravity of the matter concerned 
where there is ignorance
3. Obligation of the person involved to 
acquire the proper knowledge on 
the matter

Question 21

a person who is aware of the state of 
ignorance has the moral obligation to 
correct it through diligence.

Accepted Answer

Vincible Ignorance does not 
destroy, but lessens the 
voluntariness and the corresponding 
accountability over the act

Question 22

this happens when the person 
chooses to be ignorant in order to 
escape accountability arising from 
the wrongfulness of the act later on.

Accepted Answer

Affected or pretended 
ignorance does not excuse a 
person from his/her actions; on 
the contrary it increases the 
malice

Question 23

Understood here as a strong or powerful 
emotion. It refers more to bodily appetites.

Accepted Answer

Passion or Concupiscence

Question 24

▪ It is defined as “the disturbance of the mind of 
a person who is confronted by an impending 
danger or harm to himself or loved ones.

Accepted Answer

fear

Question 25

Any action resulting from violence is

Accepted Answer

involuntary.

Question 26

It refers to “any physical force exerted on a 
person by another free agent for the purpose 
of compelling [the] said person to act against 
his will.”

Accepted Answer

Violence

Question 27

Any act with brutal force is inflicted

Accepted Answer

Violence

Question 28

ways for  enough to save one’s 
moral integrity

Accepted Answer

a person is 
confronted by violence can always offer 
intrinsic resistance by withholding 
consent;

Question 29

___ excludes voluntariness 
from the forced action.

Accepted Answer

Absolute violence

Question 30

_-- does not impair 
voluntariness completely but lessens it.

Accepted Answer

Relative violence d

Question 31

A constant and easy way of doing things 
acquired by the repetition of the same act.

Accepted Answer

Habit

Question 32

It is also the readiness, born of frequently 
repeated acts, for action in a certain manner

Accepted Answer

Habit

Question 33

greek of ethics

Accepted Answer

ethos

Question 34

ethos means ;

Accepted Answer

behavior or 
character

Question 35

Latin equivalent of 
“ethos.” is

Accepted Answer

“mos” or “mores”

Question 36

? & ? are literally 
synonymous;

Accepted Answer

Morality and Ethics

Question 37

doing what is right because you 
know that it is right; it stems from the 
person’s consciousness and common sense

Accepted Answer

Ethics

Question 38

stems from tradition, religion, the 
law, constitution, and our upbringing. A 
person does what is right because someone 
taught them.

Accepted Answer

Morality

Question 39

Theory and action differs; thus, it does not 
mean when one knows one also acts according to

Accepted Answer

Fernandez

Question 40

We transform one’s ethics, not only by 
knowing the theories but treating it as a  ?

Accepted Answer

“way 
of life.

Question 41

Ethics makes us human.

Accepted Answer

Ethics and Praxis (Fernandez)

Question 42

Importance of Ethics

Accepted Answer

◂ We become good or bad persons depending 
on the choices we make.
◂ Oftentimes, there are dilemmas that are 
difficult to solve; and ethical decisions must 
be met.

Question 43

“The Unexamined life is not 
worth living” according to

Accepted Answer

Socrates

Question 44

are necessary even if laws 
implemented by civil authorities exists.

Accepted Answer

Ethical Rules

Question 45

Importance: of Ethics 
and Law

Accepted Answer

1. Laws are concerned with the “public.”
2. Morality goes beyond legality.
3. Theories in ethics are the foundations 
of law.
4. Morality precedes legality.

Question 46

? solely rely on natural 
reason, religion relies on super natural reason

Accepted Answer

Ethics

Question 47

The practice of morality need 
not be motivated by

Accepted Answer

religious 
considerations

Question 48

It is a branch of philosophy and a practical 
science of the morality of human act or 
conduct and of the good life.

Accepted Answer

Ethics

Question 49

It constitutes the “good life” for human beings; 
and consequently teaches us to be truly 
human.

Accepted Answer

Ethics

Question 50

It is a philosophical discipline which deals with 
ultimate principles and truth concerning 
morality of human conduct through the use of 
human reason alone.

Accepted Answer

Ethics

Question 51

The subject matter of 
ethics is human conduct 
or human act ; the deed

Accepted Answer

Material

Question 52

In the investigation of 
ethics flows the 
morality or the moral 
rectitude of human act 
or human conduct. ;; the rightness or 
wrongness of the deed

Accepted Answer

Formal

Question 53

Objects of Ethics

Accepted Answer

Formal & Material

Question 54

It is traditionally divided into two 
general areas

Accepted Answer

General Ethics and 
Special (Applied) Ethics

Question 55

Basic course in the study of ethics.

Accepted Answer

General Ethics

Question 56

Deals with the morality of human acts

Accepted Answer

General Ethics

Question 57

Deals with the morality of human acts &  Basic course in the study of ethics.

Accepted Answer

General Ethics

Question 58

Applies the specific and fundamental 
norms in the specific areas of human 
life.

Accepted Answer

Special Ethics

Question 59

is the criteria of judgment about the 
sorts of person we ought to be and sorts 
of actions we ought to perform.

Accepted Answer

Norms

Question 60

what is the Norm of morality

Accepted Answer

standard of right 
and wrong in human actions

Question 61

Types of Norms:

Accepted Answer

1. Technical Norm 
– man’s needs
2. Societal Norm 
– keeps community
3. Aesthetic Norm 
– considers beauty
4. Ethical/Moral Norm 
– ultimate norm/ 
non
-negotiable; subordinates other 
norms

Question 62

man’s needs

Accepted Answer

Technical Norm

Question 63

keeps community

Accepted Answer

Societal Norm

Question 64

Aesthetic Norm

Accepted Answer

considers beauty

ETHICS

lesson 1 & 2

Question	Answer
Definition of Human Acts	“actions that proceed from insight into the nature and purpose of one’s doing and from consent of free will.”
actions done by a person in certain situations which are essentially the result of his/her conscious knowledge, freedom and voluntariness.	Human Acts
he defines Human Acts as	an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man; this consciousness of an act differentiates human acts from the acts of man as well as the acts done by animals.
Basic Elements of Human Acts	The Act must be deliberate, The act must be performed in freedom, The act must be done voluntarily,
It must be performed by a conscious agent who is very much aware of what he/she is doing and of its consequences – whether it may be good or evil.	The Act must be deliberate
It must be done by an agent who is acting freely, with his/her own volition and powers. The person acting should be free.	The act must be performed in freedom
what is The act must be done voluntarily	It must be performed by an agent who decides wilfully to perform the act.
Major Determinants of the Morality of Human Acts	The Act Itself or the Object of the Act, The Motive or Intention, The Circumstances,
“It refers to the action that is done or performed by an agent.”	The Act Itself or the Object of the Act
It is the natural termination or completion of an act, whether the act is good or evil.	The Act Itself or the Object of the Act
This is the substance of the moral act	The Act Itself or the Object of the Act
More concretely the object of the act is	“that act effect which action primarily and directly causes. It is always and necessarily the result of the act, independent of any circumstances or of the intention of the agent.”
It is the purpose that for the sake of which something is done.	The Motive or Intention
Refers to the various conditions outside of the act. They are not part of the act itself.	The Circumstances
Four Types of Circumstances that Affect the Morality of the Act:	1. Mitigating or extenuating circumstances 2. Aggravating circumstances 3. Justifying circumstances 4. Specifying Circumstances
Seven specific kinds of circumstances:	A. Who, B. Where, C. By What Means, D. Why, E. How; F. When; and G. To Whom
These are factors and conditions that affect man’s inner disposition.	Modifiers of Human Acts
a person could not be held liable if he or she is not aware of the state of his or her ignorance	Invincible ignorance renders an act involuntary
a person who is aware of the state of ignorance has the moral obligation to correct it through diligence.	Vincible Ignorance does not destroy, but lessens the voluntariness and the corresponding accountability over the act.
Degree of the person’s responsibility:	1. The amount of effort spent to obtain necessary information to dispel ignorance. 2. The gravity of the matter concerned where there is ignorance 3. Obligation of the person involved to acquire the proper knowledge on the matter
a person who is aware of the state of ignorance has the moral obligation to correct it through diligence.	Vincible Ignorance does not destroy, but lessens the voluntariness and the corresponding accountability over the act
this happens when the person chooses to be ignorant in order to escape accountability arising from the wrongfulness of the act later on.	Affected or pretended ignorance does not excuse a person from his/her actions; on the contrary it increases the malice
Understood here as a strong or powerful emotion. It refers more to bodily appetites.	Passion or Concupiscence
▪ It is defined as “the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or loved ones.	fear
Any action resulting from violence is	involuntary.
It refers to “any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling [the] said person to act against his will.”	Violence
Any act with brutal force is inflicted	Violence
ways for enough to save one’s moral integrity	a person is confronted by violence can always offer intrinsic resistance by withholding consent;
___ excludes voluntariness from the forced action.	Absolute violence
_-- does not impair voluntariness completely but lessens it.	Relative violence d
A constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act.	Habit
It is also the readiness, born of frequently repeated acts, for action in a certain manner	Habit
greek of ethics	ethos
ethos means ;	behavior or character
Latin equivalent of “ethos.” is	“mos” or “mores”
? & ? are literally synonymous;	Morality and Ethics
doing what is right because you know that it is right; it stems from the person’s consciousness and common sense	Ethics
stems from tradition, religion, the law, constitution, and our upbringing. A person does what is right because someone taught them.	Morality
Theory and action differs; thus, it does not mean when one knows one also acts according to	Fernandez
We transform one’s ethics, not only by knowing the theories but treating it as a ?	“way of life.
Ethics makes us human.	Ethics and Praxis (Fernandez)
Importance of Ethics	◂ We become good or bad persons depending on the choices we make. ◂ Oftentimes, there are dilemmas that are difficult to solve; and ethical decisions must be met.
“The Unexamined life is not worth living” according to	Socrates
are necessary even if laws implemented by civil authorities exists.	Ethical Rules
Importance: of Ethics and Law	1. Laws are concerned with the “public.” 2. Morality goes beyond legality. 3. Theories in ethics are the foundations of law. 4. Morality precedes legality.
? solely rely on natural reason, religion relies on super natural reason	Ethics
The practice of morality need not be motivated by	religious considerations
It is a branch of philosophy and a practical science of the morality of human act or conduct and of the good life.	Ethics
It constitutes the “good life” for human beings; and consequently teaches us to be truly human.	Ethics
It is a philosophical discipline which deals with ultimate principles and truth concerning morality of human conduct through the use of human reason alone.	Ethics
The subject matter of ethics is human conduct or human act ; the deed	Material
In the investigation of ethics flows the morality or the moral rectitude of human act or human conduct. ;; the rightness or wrongness of the deed	Formal
Objects of Ethics	Formal & Material
It is traditionally divided into two general areas	General Ethics and Special (Applied) Ethics
Basic course in the study of ethics.	General Ethics
Deals with the morality of human acts	General Ethics
Deals with the morality of human acts & Basic course in the study of ethics.	General Ethics
Applies the specific and fundamental norms in the specific areas of human life.	Special Ethics
is the criteria of judgment about the sorts of person we ought to be and sorts of actions we ought to perform.	Norms
what is the Norm of morality	standard of right and wrong in human actions
Types of Norms:	1. Technical Norm – man’s needs 2. Societal Norm – keeps community 3. Aesthetic Norm – considers beauty 4. Ethical/Moral Norm – ultimate norm/ non -negotiable; subordinates other norms
man’s needs	Technical Norm
keeps community	Societal Norm
Aesthetic Norm	considers beauty
ultimate norm/ non -negotiable; subordinates other norms	Ethical/Moral Norm
Why do we need to know the Norms?	It allows us to pinpoint our valuations; which leads us to do a more critical and meaningful assessment on issues
Answers the application of morality to human existence	Moral Dimension of Human Existence
Moga’s Three Positions	A-Morality, Morality is ever -present and necessary, Morality as found in every situations in various ways; and sometimes not
why Moral principles are important	since it outlines the importance of morality itself.
This means that primarily, moral judgements must be backed by good reasons and not with unguided emotions.	Reasonability
If it is not reasonable and appeal to experience /common sense, then it has to be viewed with reservation.	Reasonability
This means that an ethical or moral rule should be neutral regardless of who the recipients are.	Impartiality
This is also evident in John Rawls “veil of ignorance”.	Impartiality
n other words, moral standards should be applied to all without special treatment.	Impartiality
Also known as “the commanding aspect of morality.”	Prescriptivity
Moral principles should be in a form of imperatives for us to know what to do and not to do.	Prescriptivity
Moral standards must reign above all other standards or norms of valuation.	Overridingness
Moral standards should stand in spite of the biases of the majority.	Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority
Moral standards should be made public for us to have a guideline to our actions.	Publicity
After all, if an act is right, we will not be ashamed of showing it to the public	Publicity
Moral standards should be at reach. Meaning to say, it must be doable by human beings	Practicability
It must be applied to all regardless of the context or situation.	Universalizability
If a certain act is wrong [or right] for this person, then this act must also be wrong [or right] for any other person.	Universalizability
Laws are concerned with the ?	“public.”
Morality goes beyond ?	legality
Theories in ethics are the ?	foundations of law.
Morality precedes ?	legality
“The Unexamined life is not worth living, according to?	Socrates
Without moral perception ? Without morality ?	man is only an animal man as a rational being is a failure
it does not mean when one knows one also acts.	Theory and action differs (Ethics and Praxis (Fernandez)
___ makes us human	Ethics
___ solely rely on natural reason	Ethics
__ relies on supernatural reason	religion
The practice of morality need ? not be	motivated by religious considerations.
The subject matter of ethics is ?	human conduct or human act
____ are necessary even if laws implemented by civil authorities exists.	Ethical Rules

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