Question 1

deciding whether a passage contains an argument, you should look for three things:

Accepted Answer

1. indicator words such as "therefore", "since", "because", and so on, 2. an inferential relationships between the statements, 3. typical kinds of nonarguments.

Question 2

an indicator word does not guarantee the presence of an argument thus what should you do?

Accepted Answer

you must check to see that the statement identified as the conclusion is claimed to be supported by one or more of the other statements.

Question 3

Not all passages contain arguments, why?

Accepted Answer

Because logic deals with arguments, it is important
to be able to distinguish passages that contain arguments from those that do not.

Question 4

a passage contains an argument if it purports to prove something; if it does not do so, it does not contain an argument

Accepted Answer

true

Question 5

This definition of an argument expresses what is needed for a passage to contain an argument:

Accepted Answer

1. At least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons.
2. There must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something—that
is, a claim that something follows from the alleged evidence or reasons.

Question 6

It is not necessary that the premises present actual evidence or true reasons nor that the premises actually support the conclusion. But

Accepted Answer

at least the premises must claim to present evidence or reasons, and there must be a claim that the evidence or reasons support or imply something.

Question 7

you should recognize that the second claim is not equatable with the intentions of the arguer.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 8

“If this passage contains an argument, then these are the premises and that is the conclusion.”

Accepted Answer

true

Question 9

warning

Accepted Answer

a form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation

Question 10

piece of advice

Accepted Answer

is a form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct

Question 11

statement of belief or opinion

Accepted Answer

is an expression about what someone happens to
believe or think about something.

Question 12

Loosely associated statements

Accepted Answer

may be about the same general subject, but they lack
a claim that one of them is proved by the others

Question 13

A report

Accepted Answer

consists of a group of statements that convey information about some topic or event.

Question 14

expository passage

Accepted Answer

is a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. If the objective is not to prove the topic sentence but only to expand it or elaborate it, then there is no argument.

Question 15

An illustration

Accepted Answer

is an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done.

Question 16

Illustrations are often confused with arguments because many illustrations contain indicator words such as “thus.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 17

arguments from example

Accepted Answer

as with expository passages, many illustrations can be taken as arguments.

Question 18

explanation

Accepted Answer

is an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon. The event or phenomenon in question is usually accepted as a matter of fact

Question 19

explanandum

Accepted Answer

is the statement that describes the event or phenomenon
to be explained

Question 20

explanans

Accepted Answer

is the statement or group of statements that purports
to do the explaining

Question 21

Premises are Accepted facts what do they claim to prove

Accepted Answer

conclusions

Question 22

Explanans claimed to shed light on

Accepted Answer

Explanandum: Accepted fact

Question 23

conditional statement

Accepted Answer

is an “if . . . then . . .” statement

Question 24

antecedent

Accepted Answer

Every conditional statement is made up of two component statements. The component statement immediately following the “if ”

Question 25

consequent

Accepted Answer

the one following the “then”

Question 26

conditional statements: if ____1____ then ____2____. 
______3_______ if _______4_______

Accepted Answer

1. Antecedent, 2. Consequent, 3.  Consequent 4. Antecedent

Question 27

Conditional statements are not arguments because

Accepted Answer

they fail to meet the criteria given earlier.

Question 28

there is no assertion that either the antecedent or the consequent is true. Rather, there is only the assertion that if the antecedent is true

Accepted Answer

then so is the consequent

Question 29

Finally, while no single conditional statement is an argument ________

Accepted Answer

a conditional statement may serve as either the premise or the conclusion (or both) of an argument

Question 30

The link between the antecedent and consequent resembles the inferential link between the premises and conclusion of an argument. Yet.....

Accepted Answer

the premises of an argument are claimed to be true, whereas no such claim is made for the antecedent of a conditional statement. Accordingly, conditional statements are not arguments.

Question 31

Some conditional statements are similar to arguments, however,

Accepted Answer

in that they express the outcome of a reasoning process. As such, they may be said to have a certain inferential content

Question 32

The relation between conditional statements and arguments may now be summarized as follows:

Accepted Answer

1. A single conditional statement is not an argument.
2. A conditional statement may serve as either the premise or the conclusion (or both) of
an argument.
3. The inferential content of a conditional statement may be reexpressed to form an
argument.

Question 33

Conditional statements are especially important in logic (and many other fields) because they express the relationship between

Accepted Answer

necessary conditions and sufficient conditions

Question 34

A is said to be a sufficient condition for B whenever the occurrence of A is all that is needed
for the occurrence of B. example?

Accepted Answer

being a dog is a sufficient condition for being an animal.

Question 35

B is said to be a necessary condition for A whenever A cannot occur without the occurrence of B

Accepted Answer

being an animal is a necessary condition for being a dog

Question 36

is this the correct wording? 
if X is a dog, then X is an animal. 
if X is not an animal, then X is not a dog.

Accepted Answer

yes

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logic chapter 1.2