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Chapter 11 APES
Chapter 11 study guide (Feeding the Planet)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Undernutrition | Not enough calories to maintain health |
| Malnourished | diet lacks balance of fibers, proteins, carbs, and vitamins but they get enough calories |
| Overnutrition | Too many calories and non-balanced diet cause obesity |
| Being obese increases risk of | Type II diabetes, heart attack, stroke, hypertension |
| Food security | access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets dietary needs for a healthy life |
| Food insecurity | Don't have adequate access to food |
| Famine | Food insecurity is so extreme that lots of people die over a short time |
| Poverty | Lack of resources or food |
| Farmers grow | It is possible to feed the planet. Starvation is due to unequal distribution of food |
| Raising cattle | Large amount of crops go toward raising cattle. 10-15% of energy is lost in the food pyramid and turned into meat |
| Agriculture started: | Around 10k years ago |
| Positive feedback loop: | More food = More people = More food = more people |
| Agribusiness | crop production, as well as crop processing, transportation and distribution |
| The Green Revolution | time where agriculture business industrialized and started to product way more food due to new inventions |
| Irrigation consequences | Depleted aquifers (-) More food (+) |
| Salinization | Salts in water become highly concentrated on surface due to evaporation |
| Fertilizers: Organic | plant/animal based (manure) |
| Fertilizers: Inorganic | commercially produced Advantages: Easier to apply, target specific plants, and easy to absorb Disadvantages: Fossil fuel, RUN-OFF, Algal Blooms, Dead zones (fish don’t want to live in these places), do not add organic matter to the soil |
| Monocropping: | Plant single species/variety Degradation, soil erosion, vulnerability to pests, predators can't respond to rapid growth. |
| Pesticides | Control pests Persistent, Selective and broad spectrum, pests evolve to resist the chemicals |
| Bioaccumulation | increase in concentration of a chemical in an organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment |
| Pesticide Treadmill/Trap | As pesticide use increases so do the resistance of the bugs. |
| Economies of Scale | average costs of production fall as output increases. |
| Benefits of Genetic Engineering | Greater Yield, Greater Food Quality, Reductions in pesticide use, Reduction of world hunger, Increasing profits |
| Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering | Limited biodiversity, allergies, no regulations |
| High-Density Animal Farming (CAFO: Concentrated Animal Feed Operations) | Large structures where animals are being raised in high-density numbers |
| Fishery | commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region |
| Fishery Collapse | decline of the fish population by 90% or more |
| Aquaculture | Farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds |
| Shifting Agriculture | land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients |
| Desertification | When soil is degraded by agriculture to the point where it is no longer productive |
| Nomadic Grazing | Feeding herds by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds. One of the few sustainable ways to use low-productivity soil. |
| Sustainable Agriculture | Producing enough food to feed the world population without destroying the land, polluting, and reducing biodiversity |
| Crop Rotation | Rotating crops species from season to season |
| Intercropping | Two or more crop species are planted together |
| Agroforestry | Intercropping trees with vegetables |
| Contour Plowing | Plowing/harvesting parallel to the erosion (like walking sideways on a mountain (ATV)) |
| No-till agriculture | Helps reduce soil degradation by leaving crop residues in the fields and not tilling the land after each harvest |
| Integrated pest management: | Using a variety of techniques and designs to minimize pesticide inputs Crop Rotation, Intercropping, planting pest-resistant crops, creating habitats for predators, limited use of pesticides |
| Organic Agriculture | Production of crops without the use of pesticides or fertilizers |
| Individual Transferable Quota | fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can catch or sell |
Created by:
Nate6