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Radiobiology
Chapter 6: Overview of Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the structural units of protein | amino acids |
| the phase of mitosis during which the duplicate centromeres migrate in opposite directions along the mitotic spindle and carry the chromatids to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase |
| compound, also known as saccharides, composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are involved in energy-releasing processes in animals and plants | carbohydrates |
| the process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells | cell division |
| the frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell; functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their outside environment & controls the passage of water & other materials into and out of the cell | cell membrane |
| structures, located in the center of the cell near the nucleus at each end of the mitotic spindle, that contain the centrioles | centrosome |
| tiny, rod-shaped bodies that contain genes | chromosomes |
| the protoplasm that exists outside of the cell's nucleus | cytoplasm |
| miniature cellular components present in the cytoplasm that enable the cell to perform normal functions | cytoplasmic organelles |
| a type of nucleic acid (very large biomolecules) that carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication and regulation of cellular activity needed to direct protein synthesis; often referred to as the master chemical in the cell | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| a vast, irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm, thus enabling the cell to intercommunicate throughout the extranuclear environment and transfer food from one part of cell to other | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| segments or portions of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity | genes |
| the total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being | human genome |
| compounds that do not contain carbon; the inorganic compounds found in the human body occur in nature independent of living things | inorganic compounds |
| the period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis | interphase |
| water insoluble, organic macromolecules that consist only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; lipids store energy in the body for long periods; also known as fats | lipids |
| the process of germ (genetic) cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell | meiosis |
| the substance that directs the process for making proteins out of amino acids | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| the phase of cell division during which the mitotic spindle is completed; it is also the phase of cell division in which chromosome damage caused by radiation exposure can be evaluated | metaphase |
| large, double membranous, oval or bean-shaped structures containing highly organized enzymes in their inner membranes that supply the energy for cells; referred to as "powerhouses" of the cell | mitochondria |
| the process of somatic cell division wherein a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell | mitosis (M) |
| very large, complex macromolecules made up of nucleotides | nucleic acids |
| the center of the cell; a spherical mass of protoplasm containing the genetic material (DNA), which is stored in its molecular structure | nucleus |
| all compounds that always contain quantities of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | organic compounds |
| when water tends to move across cell surfaces or membranes into areas in which a high concentration of potassium ions is present | osmosis |
| most simply, the combining of a substance with oxygen; has been broadened to include reactions in which electrons are lost by an atom | oxidation |
| the first phase of cell division, during which the nucleus and the chromosomes enlarge and the DNA begins to take structural form | prophase |
| amino acids linked in various patterns and combinations; very large molecules always containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and occasionally other elements, such as sulfur; elementary building blocks of cells | proteins |
| protein synthesis | |
| the chemical building material for all living things, consists of inorganic substances, such as water and mineral salts, and organic substances, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids | protoplasm |
| type of nucleic acid that carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes located in the cytoplasm | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| type of RNA that assists in the linking of messenger RNA (mRNA) to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis | ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| very small, spherical, cytoplasmic organelles that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum; they are the assembly sites where mRNA and tRNA combine amino acids into proteins; the cell's "protein factories" | ribosomes |
| compound, also known as carbohydrates, composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates such as sugars and starches are involved in energy-releasing processes in animals and plants | saccharides |
| the phase of mitosis during which cell division is completed with the formation of two new daughter cells, each of which contains exactly the same genetic material as the parent cell | telophase |
| type of RNA that combines with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and attaches or transfers them to the ribosomes | transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| a clear region on a chromosome serving as a joining point; it is actually the center of the chromosome | centromere |
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