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Argument Test Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Logos | When an author uses facts, statistics, or logical reasoning, which appeal is being used? |
| Pathos | A piece of evidence that appeals to the audience's emotions |
| Ethos | A person who has outstanding character and morality, which appeal is being used? |
| Claim | An author's opinion or belief about a topic or an issue. |
| Ethos | When an author names an expert on a Subject, which appeal is being used? |
| Evidence | Facts proof to support an author's claim. |
| Reason | Why an author has their opinion on a topic. |
| Logos Example | "The people of New York throw away nine times their weight in garbage and junk every year. |
| Ethos Example | If my years as a Marine taught me anything, it's that caution is the best policy in this sort of situation. |
| Pathos Example | "... there is nothing like eye-to-eye contact or sharing of an experience through the real act of engaging in a conversation with friends and family." |
| Counterclaim | The opposing argument to your claim/ thesis. |
| Thesis | Claim and Reasoning |
| Parallel Structure | Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. |
| Rhetorical Question | A question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer. |
| Rhetoric | The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. |
| Allusion | Allusion is a figure of speech, in which an object or circumstance from unrelated context is referred to covertly or indirectly. |
| Logos Example | More than one hundred peer-reviewed studies have been conducted over the past decade, and none of them suggests that this is an effective treatment for hair loss. |
| Ethos Example | As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results. |
| Ethos Example | My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition make me the ideal candidate for your mayor. |
| Pathos Example | There's no price that can be placed on peace of mind. Our advanced security systems will protect the well-being of your family so that you can sleep soundly at night. |
| Pathos Example | They've worked against everything we've worked so hard to build, and they don't care who gets hurt in the process. Make no mistake, they're the enemy, and they won't stop until we're all destroyed. |
| Logos Example | Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: We have not only the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an expressed desire to commit the robbery, but we also have video of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open and shut. |
| Allusion Example | "Chocolate cake is my Achilles heel." |
| Allusion Example | "We got a new Einstein in school today." |
| Allusion Example | "Why are you always such a Scrooge? It doesn't cost much, and it'll be fun!" |
| Rhetoric Example | Politicians deliver rallying cries to inspire people to act. Advertisers create catchy slogans to get people to buy products. Lawyers present emotional arguments to sway a jury. |
| Parallel Structure Example | Ashley likes to ski, to swim and to jump. |
| Parallel Structure Example | Joe likes running, walking and being active. |
| Parallel Structure Example | In your bedroom, you will find the following: a bed, a closet and a desk. |
| True | True or false? A rhetorical question is a question for which no answer is expected. |
| Rhetorical Question Example | Janet: Do you like pizza? John: What's not to like? |
| Select the question that is most likely to be a rhetorical question: A. What is the capital of Russia? B. Which Apollo mission landed on the Moon? C. What is wrong with people today? | What's wrong with people today? |
| Thesis Example | The life of the typical college student is characterized by time spent studying, attending class, and socializing with peers. |
| Claim | the claim shares your opinion and can be argued one way or another. |
| Claim Example | Students should be allowed to chew gum at school. |
| Counterclaim Example | Some people may argue that students should not be allowed to chew gum at school. |
| Rebuttal Example | Many people argue that bullying is a natural part of our humanity; however, they fail to understand that bullying is a cycle that has been perpetuated for centuries and that all cycles can be broken. |
| Rebuttal | The rebuttal is the “comeback” |
| Counterclaim Example | On the other hand, some people say that rock music contains lyrics that are both provocative and rebellious. This point of view makes sense because in the article it states that... |
| Thesis Examples | As physical libraries become obsolete due to digital devices, the government should fund digital libraries instead of physical ones to ease the economic burden of students required to buy expensive e-books. |
| Thesis Examples | The cost of healthcare services for most people in the USA is unbearable due to low average incomes, high prices of essential medicines and lack of government-funded hospitals. |
| True | True or false? A rhetorical question can be a good option for making a point diplomatically. |
| Rhetorical Questions | A rhetorical question emphasizes a point by posing a question without expecting an answer. For example, “Do birds fly?” is a rhetorical question implying, “Isn’t it obvious?” |
| Tone | An author's attitude toward a particular written subject. |
| Author's Tone Examples | Often an author's tone is described by adjectives, such as: cynical, depressed, sympathetic, cheerful, outraged, positive, angry, sarcastic, prayerful, ironic, solemn, vindictive, intense, excited. |
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