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SPH4U Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Work | energy transferred to an object when a force acting on an object moves through a displacement cos0 = maximum work (force is in exact) same direction as displacement |
| Properties of Fields | - They occupy space, and affect the geometry of spacetime - exert non-contact forces on objects - store and transfer energy - store and transfer momentum |
| Fields | - Physical Quantities that have a value for every point in spacetime - Comprised of Scalar Fields, and Vector Fields |
| Gravitational Fields | - Exists in the space surrounding an object |
| Circular Orbits | - tangential velocity is what keeps an object from falling into central body - an orbiting satellite is always in free-fall (Fg) - a constant speed must be maintained by the object in order to maintain UCM |
| Binding Energy | - ΔET = -ΔET(orbit) - the minimum energy required to break orbit and escape |
| Elastic Collisions | EK = EK final |
| Inelastic Collision | EK ≠ EK final |
| Completely Inelastic Collision | EK > EK final |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | - periodic vibratory motion - In SHM, energy is continually being transformed between EK and Ee (and sometimes Eg when vertical) |
| Electric Fields | - any charged object creates an electric field - the amount of force per unit of charge |
| Electric Potential Difference | - Work required to move a positive charge from one point in an electric field to another. |
| Electric Potential vs. Electric Potential Energy | Electric Potential: - measured in Volts - Dependent on the (one) charge being measured Electric Potential Energy: - measured in Joules - dependent on both charges (see formula) |
| Special Relativity | 1- all physics laws are valid in inertial frames of reference 2- the speed of light is constant, and time adjusts for it |
| Simultaniety | - the occurrence of two or more events at the same time |
| Time Dilation | - the slowing down of time in a system |
| Iridescence | - the production of colours in thin films |
| Threshold Frequency | - the point at which there is enough energy to liberate the electron and give it some EK |
| Snells Law | - defines the amount light bends going through media |
| Huygens's Principle | - every point on a wavefront can be considered a point source of tiny secondary wavelets |
| Work Function | - the amount of energy required to release an electron from a metal |
| Retarding Potential | - voltage that slows the electron down (external force) - think of parallel plates |
| Properties of Field Diagrams | - they go from one end to another (e.g. from N to S) - there can be an infinite number of field lines, so long as they do not cross - the more dense the field lines, the greater the strength of the field in that region |
| General Relativity | - gravity is a property of spacetime and not a force - the bigger the mass, the bigger the curvature in spacetime - the force of gravity is a fictitious force created to explain inertial behaviour in a non-inertial frame of reference |
| Right Hand Rule | - thumb: direction of current - fingers: direction of field - palm: direction of force *Note: right hand rule applies to + charges; use left hand rule for - charges. |
| SHM vs UCM | - the amplitude in SHM = radius in UCM - SHM is a one-dimensional projection of UCM |
| Reflection | - light hitting and bouncing off an opaque surface |
| Refraction | - the bending or change in direction of light as it goes through a new medium |
| Diffraction | - bending effect when a wave passes by a sharp edge or through a narrow opening in an obstacle Diffraction depends on: - the width of the gap - the wavelength |
| Path Difference / Constructive Interference | When 2 waves meet: a maximum occurs and the 2 waves have a path diff. equal to mλ, where m=0,1,2,3,... |
| Path Difference / Destructive Interference | Out of phase: a minimum occurs and the 2 waves have a path diff. equal to (n-1⁄2)λ, where n=1,2,3,... (aka nodal lines) |
| Single vs Double Slit | Single Slit: - central maximum is larger than all other bright bands - bright bands are dimmer the farther they are from central maximum Double Slit: - Equally spaced maxima and minima - Each band has the same intensity |
| Wave Nature of Light | - light is an electromagnetic wave - produced by vibrating electric charges - contain perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. |
| Mechanical Waves | - require a medium - divided into transverse (water) waves, and longitudinal (sound) waves. |
| Polarization | - applies to transverse waves - light that becomes confined to only one plane (usually the vertical plane) - polarizing filters have many uses, including glare reduction, stress analysis, and photography. |
| Transmission | -unpolarized light absorbed by a filter will transmit a specific orientation light wave |
| Reflection | - unpolarized light hitting a non-metallic surface (e.g. a lake) will reflect light that is moving in a similar plane as the surface (e.g. glare) |
| Refraction | - light entering certain materials will be refracted and each ray will have a different orientation (e.g. calcite crystals experience double refraction, with the rays of light splitting perpendicular) |
| Scrattering | - partial polarization occurs when light travels through a medium - occurs when light from the sun passes through our atmosphere and encounters small particles that scatter the light. |
| Electromagnetic Waves | - produced by accelerating electric charges - travel at c - consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating in phase, perpendicular to each other - all EM waves can be polarized |
| Wave-Particle Duality | - particles exhibit properties of light and waves |
| Pilot Theory | - electrons are real particles that are guided by an unseen wave, and these waves tell the electron where to go on the screen |
| Many Worlds Interpretation | - parallel universes are being created all the time - there are many worlds that exist in parallel at the same time and space as our own |
| Classical Physics | - to describe the exact state of a particle, and how fast it will travel at a certain instant of time |
| Quantum Mechanics | it is impossible to measure the position and momentum of a particle |
| Quanta | - packets of energy; one quantum is the minimum amount of energy a particle can emit. - not continuous - when we see a rainbow, it is not a continuous spectrum but rather there are small separations between the shades of colour. |
| Compton Effect | - the scattering of photons by high energy photons |
| Photoelectric Effect | - metallic substances can emit electrons from their surfaces |
| Ultraviolet Catastrophe | - infrared light invisible to humans - assumed that when a blackbody is heated, it would emit light at shorter and shorter wavelengths alongside an increasing intensity. - exponential relation |
| Blackbody Radiation | - heating up a blackbody will cause it to emit electromagnetic radiation due to the vibration of electrons in the material. |
| Newton's First Law | - an object in motion remains in motion or a body at rest remains at rest, unless acted upon by a force |
| Newton's Second Law | F(net) = ma |
| Newton's Third Law | - for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| Dark Matter | - makes up ~80% of all matter in the universe - a mysterious non-luminous substance that doesn't emit, reflect, or absorb light or any type of EM radiation. |
| Fictitious force | - a fake force used to describe an accelerating F.O.R |
| Centrifugal Force | - an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia |
| Apparent Weight | - the normal force exerted on an accelerating object |
| Artificial Gravity | - apparent weight is similar to weight on Earth |
| Thin Film Interference | - produces partial reflection & refraction |
| Standard Model vs PT | - standard model is another step smaller than the PT - forces not addressed directly by the PT |
| Static Equilibrium | - a state where bodies are at rest - the net force acting on the object is zero |
| Brightness Method | - |
| Orbital Method | - |
Created by:
AAnani