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Soil Science Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The reaction, in the presence of chlorophyll, of carbon dioxide and water to sugar, using light energy. | Photosynthesis |
| Biological reaction in which carbohydrates are broken down to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy. Opposite of photosynthesis. | Respiration |
| Deciduous forests of temperate, moist climates. Clay leaches into subsoil. Subsoil holds moisture and nutrients. | Alfisols |
| Recent geologic volcanic materials. High water and nutrient holding capacity. Highly productive. | Andisols |
| Arid climates of cool to hot deserts. Soil development in upper part of soil. Accumulates gypsum, salt, CaCO3 | Aridisols |
| Lack well developed horizons. Baby soils. Recently deposited parent material, erosion, deposition | Entisols |
| Very cold soils of the tundra. Permafrost layer within 2 m of surface. | Gelisols |
| Decaying organic matter in wetlands. Bogs, moors, peats, muck. | Histisols |
| Young, but more developed than Entisols. Weakly developed horizons. Toddler soils | Inceptisols |
| Rich, dark soils of grasslands. Thick dark a horizon. Fertile. Relatively high organic matter | Mollisols |
| Highly weathered soils of tropics. Low fertility. Usually distinct horizons. | Oxisols |
| Coniferous forests in cool, moist regions. Organic matter, iron, aluminum deposited in subsoil. Gray eluvial horizon covers red, brown, or black subsoil. Acidic and infertile. | Spodosols |
| Highly weathered soils in warm, humid climates. Older. Clay-enriched subsoil. Typically acidic. Nutrients in upper few inches. | Ultisols |
| Parent materials very high in clays that shrink and swell with drying and wetting cycles. Undergo pronounced changes in moisture. Cracks open and close, mixing horizons. Transmit water slowly. | Vertisols |
| Elements in the form of ions or molecules used in the metabolism of plants, animals, and microbes. | Nutrients |
| Function of soil to hold plant firmly in place. | Anchorage |
| Plants grown in nutrient solutions instead of soil. | Hydroponic crops |
| Gas phase of soil; space of soil not filled with solid or liquid. | Soil air |
| Process by which air in the soil is replaced by air from the atmosphere | Aeration |
| Soil whose pores are filled with water and so are low on oxygen. | Waterlogged soil |
| The liquid phase of soil, consisting of water and dissolved ions | Soil solution |
| Portion of soil not occupied by solid material but is filled with air or water. | Pore space |
| The arrangement of solid soil particles and soil spaces which is a three phase system. | Soil matrix |
| Large, noncapillary pores transmit water rapidly and are important for souls to drain readily. | Macropores |
| Macropores; drained pores fill with air | Aeration pores |
| Small, capillary pores that transmit water slowly and hold water against gravity | Micropores |
| A hard subsoil layer caused by cementation by carbonates or other chemicals. Limits root growth and the infiltration of water. | Hardpan |
| Land suited for raising crops | Cropland |
| How much mass of soil swells when wet and shrinks when dry. Function of swelling clay | Shrink-swell potential |
| Ability of a soil to carry a load without shifting | Load bearing capacity |
| Capacity of a soil to provide the needed functions for human or natural ecosystems over long term | Soil quality or soil health |
| Loss of soil quality | Soil degradation |
| Conversion of land to desert | Desertification |
| Specific practices that preserve soil and water resources | Best Management Practices |
| Process of storing carbon in soils, plants, or elsewhere | Carbon sequestering |
| Locations where carbon is stored | Carbon sinks |
| Study of formation and classification of soil. | Pedology |
| The mode of origin with special reference to the process or soil forming factors responsible for the development of the solum, or true soil from unconsolidated parent material The branch of soil science that deals with soil genesis | Soil genesis |
| The smallest soil body. | Pedon |
| A group of similar neighboring persons that makes up a soil series | Polypedon |
| Natural process that breaks down rock into parent materials. | Weathering |
| Breakdown of rock particles by physical forces like frost and wind | Physical weathering |
| Breakage of rocks caused by pressure from freezing water | Frost wedging |
| Breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions mostly with water | Chemical weathering |
| Process of dissolving in water | Dissolution |
| Reaction with hydrogen in water that splits the water apart | Hydrolysis |
| Water joins to the structure of the mineral | Hydration |
| Rocks forced apart by root pressure | Root wedging |
| The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter from which the solum (A, E, B horizons) has developed | Parent material |
| Rock formed from the cooling of molten rock from deep in the earth | Igneous rock |
| Rick made of sediments hardened over time by chemicals or pressure | Sedimentary rock |
| Rock that has been changed by heat or pressure in the earth | Metamorphic rock |
| Soil formed in place from bedrock rather than from transported parent material | Residual soil |
| Soils formed in parent materials brought to the final location of soil formation by transportation | Transported soils |
| General term for debris deposited by glaciers | Glacial drift |
| Glacial drift that deposits in place as glacier melts, unsorted | Glacial till |
| Glacial drift deposited in water flowing away from melting glacier. Sorted by running water. | Glacial outwash |
| Mineral sediments deposited in fresh water | Lacustrine |
| Wind deposited soil material. Mostly fine silt and sand. | Eolian soil deposits |
| Wind deposited silt | Loess soil |
| Soil developed from mud deposited by running water | Alluvial soils |
| A fan shaped alluvial deposit formed where flowing water slows down and spreads out | Alluvial fan |
| Alluvial deposit of a shallow ridge along a river | Levee |
| Land near stream that is commonly flooded when stream is high. Soil is built from deposited sediments | Flood plain |
| A former River floodplain now at higher elevation | River terrace |
| Parent material which settles to the bottom of old oceans and seas | Marine sediments |
| Usually fan shaped alluvial deposit where stream or River enters quiet body of water like ocean or lake | Delta |
| A deposit if Rick and soil resulting from materials sliding down a slope from gravity | Colluvium |
| Deposits of dry rock and soil that have slid down slope | Talus |
| Soil that contains less that 20 percent organic matter | Mineral soils |
| Soils that contain more than 20 percent organic matter | Organic soils |
| Removal of soluble material from the soil by percolating water. | Leaching |
| Direction a slope is facing | Slope aspect |
| A zone of soil near the surface that is cemented by lime. Common to arid soils | Caliche |
| A layer of soil or soil material approximately parallel to the land surface and differing from adjacent genetically related layers in physical chemical and biological properties or characteristics such as color structure texture consistency kinds etc | Soil horizon |
| Vertical section through the soil | Soil profile |
| O A E B C and R horizons | Master horizons |
| Organic layer horizon | I horizon |
| The A horizon | Topsoil |
| Removal of a material such as clay or nutrients from a layer of soil by percolating water | Eluviation |
| Some of greatest eluviation | E horizon |
| Soil below the plow layer | B horizon |
| Deposition in a soil layer of materials transported from a higher soil layer by percolating water. | Illuviation |
| Parent material horizon | C horizon |
| Underlying bedrock horizon | R horizon |
| The upper weathered part of the soil profile. A B E horizons | Solum |
| Upper part of soil profile disturbed by man. P suffix horizon. | Plow layer |
| The examination description and mapping of souls of an area according to the soil classification system | Soil survey |
| The arrangement of soils into classes of several levels | Soil classification |
| Highest taxonomic level in USDA soil classification system. 12 of them. | Soil orders |
| Any if a series of specific types of soil horizons used to assign a soil to its proper soil order | Diagnostic horizon |
| Category below Orders | Suborders |
| Category below suborders | Great groups |
| Category below great groups | Subgroups |
| Category below subgroups. | Families |
| Lowest soil grouping. Slight differences in surface texture slope erosion stoniness | Soil series |
| Subdivision of soil series. Slope, erosion, stoniness. | Phases |
| A soil mapping unit in which two or more taxonomic soil units that occur together are combined. | Soil association |
| Eight soil classes ranked for their suitability for agriculture according to risk of erosion and other factors | Land capability classes |
| Land suites for crop production | Arable land |
| 4 needs of plants that soil supplies | Micro function of soil: Anchorage, water, oxygen, nutrients |
| 4 different agricultural uses of soil | Crops, Grazing, Forest, Landscape |
| One of earth’s largest carbon sink | Organic matter in soil |
| Recreation, engineering , waste disposal, building materials | |
| Macro function of soil | Ecological: supports temperatures, water, oxygen, carbon |
| 5 soil formation factors | Parent material, climate, organisms, topography, time (man) |
| Agents of transport for parent materials | Glaciers, wind, water, gravity, volcanoes, organisms |
| 4 non-agricultural uses of soil | |
| Occurs when an element loses an electron in a reaction and some other element gains that electron. | Oxidation-reduction reaction |
Created by:
Zulu82