Help
Options
Question
Bowlby and Ainsworth
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
advatnage of heterogenous group
Remaining cards (187)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NCE
DAY 18 - Final Day
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bowlby and Ainsworth | attachment theory |
| advatnage of heterogenous group | Counselors may want to form heterogeneous groups since they more accurately reflect real-world experiences and expose group members to a variety of opinions and backgrounds. |
| advantage of homogeneous group | counselors are concerned about group members being able to relate to each other and their problems, they should try to create homogeneity within the group so that the group is made up of similar kinds of members. |
| Significance levels | refer to the possibility of the researcher either rejecting the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted, or accepting the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected. |
| Before analyzing data, researchers should select the significance level to reflect their willingness to make an error. ie: | Conventional significance levels in research are .05, .01, and .001. By selecting a significance level of .05, researchers are willing to accept the possibility of rejecting the null hypothesis in error five out of a hundred times. |
| jacob morena | psychodrama technique |
| Qualitative research tends to study | individual units in naturally occurring settings; research data is collected through observation; researchers' judgments /impressions used; assumes there are different realities held by individuals/groups; goal of describing the nature of things. |
| In quantitative research, researchers tend to examine for | causes and relationships and present much more objective data. |
| The Likert scale is commonly used | on questionnaires and surveys to measure respondents' opinions, perceptions, and attitudes. typically give five choices that range from one concept to the opposite concept, such as Always, Often, Sometimes, Almost Never, and Never. |
| Cultural pluralism (straight from the test) | refers to the large categories of people who may have special needs or concerns, such as women, gays and lesbians, children, racial groups, single-parent families, and many others. |
| social exchange theory | positive relationships are characterized by profit |
| Solomon four-group design | allows researchers to examine the effect of the pretest on the test treatment |
| purpose of pre test | to measure baseline characteristics, traits, or behaviors of test participants. |
| The four groups of the Solomon four group design are | measurements of whether the pretest and treatment combined made a difference, whether the pretest alone made a difference, whether the treatment alone made a difference, or whether neither the pretest nor the treatment made a difference. |
| Ann Roe | operated from a needs approach and believed that individuals choose careers to meet needs based on parental influences and early childhood experiences. However, there is not a significant base of research to support this theory. |
| the diagnosis given by criteria in the DSM is not sufficiently descriptive of the contextual factors of a client's life, such as a client's worldview, social arrangements, and so on | These issues may also warrant clinical attention, and are documented using V Codes. |
| In Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), chain analysis r | refers to the process of identifying the antecedents of behavior in order to understand one's own behavior as a process that can be analyzed, understood, and altered. |
| Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) | Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) is a measure of reliability and is sometimes referred to as the confidence limit. The SEM helps researchers know that a person's test score likely falls within a certain range of scores. |
| The SEM is determined by assessment developers and can be found on the test's profile. If a certain assessment has an SEM of 4.0, you first add and subtract four to the individual score to find the range. | Therefore, because the score in this question is 82, there is a two out of three chance that the individual's score falls between 78 and 86. |
| When research for a study is gathered over a long period of time, what threat to internal validity is most likely? | maturation |
| One of the ways in which issues of cultural sensitivity directly impact treatment settings is | how different values may cause conflict. If there is conflict in treatment, then progress in treatment is at risk. |
| Which of the following was the point of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages? | To illustrate the role of crisis and transition in an individual's personality |
| In Rogerian therapy, the concept of unconditional positive regard refers to | he therapist being accepting of the client as a human being in all of their complexity. This is not the same as liking the client or supporting all of their choices but rather being a nonjudgmental, safe other. |
| A self-fulfilling prophecy | occurs when individuals are expected to act a certain way, so circumstances are arranged that make it likely that those outcomes will occur. |
| Tiedeman's career development and its accompanying cognitive development | parallel Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Like Erikson, Tiedeman believed that each stage of career decision making consists of two phases, either Anticipation or Preoccupation and Implementation or Adjustment. |
| One of these changes is the reliance on dimensional assessments rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. | Clients' experiences are now assessed for severity, frequency, and duration rather than whether or not a particular symptom is present. |
| other dsm 10 changes` | The DSM-5 eliminated the multiaxial system and does not include extensive descriptions of different therapy modalities. ICD-10 classification codes are included in the DSM-5, but clinicians using the DSM-5 do not rely on them. |
| systematic desensitization relies on a stepwise, iterative process of controlling nervous system responses, creating a hierarchy of fear | one should construct a list of 10-15 items to create an effective hierarchy of fear with respect to the feared stimulus, which is graded from low to high at approximately equal intervals. |
| Though some have used the terms interchangeably, vicarious trauma, in the opinion of many researchers, is not the same as secondary traumatic stress. | he meaning of vicarious trauma is more specific and involves changes on the part of the professional, including a change in beliefs and sense of self. |
| fundamental attribution error | a phenomenon of evaluation. It suggests that when we are evaluating others, permanent and dispositional factors such as personality are more important than transitory and circumstantial factors |
| fundamental attribution error example | person who gets fired from their job is more likely to be evaluated as having that outcome due to who they are than a more circumstantial factor such as the business environment. |
| The mental status exam typically includes appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. | Sensorium refers to the client's ability to be aware of the location, the time, and their identity. |
| What is the goal of consultation? | To increase the counselor's ability to handle problems in the future |
| One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | can be used to determine differences between three different forms of one variable, such as level of income. |
| Factorial ANOVA | is used to find whether significant differences between two variables exist. |
| Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) | the statistic used when there is more than one dependent variable involved in the analysis. |
| Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) | is used to determine covariance when an independent variable and its impact on dependent variables is controlled. |
| Sociometry | is the measurement of people in groups by behavior and attitude; (IN GROUPS) |
| john Krumboltz developed the Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC), | based on Bandura's social learning theory. Important concepts in Krumboltz's theory include reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, and classical behaviorism as ways of modifying and molding career development and decision making. |
| he independent variable i | s the one that is manipulated in order to observe the effects on the dependent variable, which is unchanging. |
| The independent variable is sometimes called | the stimulus variable, predictor variable, or experimental variable. |
| Other terms for the dependent variable include | the response variable, the outcome variable, and the criterion variable. |
| Sir Francis Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin and studied anthropology and intelligence in the late 1800s. | intelligence was completely determined by genetics and therefore could be cultivated through selective parenting. |
| Eugenics | refers to the process of genetically improving the human population. |
| Reinforcement/punishment strategies | are conceptualized according to whether they add or subtract something and the goal of the intervention. |
| Negative punishment would be | the removal of something to reduce the behavior. |
| a positive punishment i | something is added in order to reduce a behavior). |
| All reinforcement | seeks to increase behavior, |
| Chi Sigma Iota | the Counseling Academic and Professional Honor Society International, |
| Chi Sigma Iota aims to | promote scholarship, research, professionalism, and excellence in counseling, promote the development of leaders in the field of counseling. |
| The therapeutic technique of family sculpting | refers to a form of psychodrama or role-playing, in which a family member illustrates an important idea about a family through the physical arrangement of family members in a therapeutic context. |
| The American College Test (ACT) and Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) | are typically given to K–12 students and are achievement tests that measure an individual's readiness for further education. |
| John Holland's career theory is structural in approach | career choice is an expression of personality. |
| Holland identified six personality types that develop due to | parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. |
| Holland's six personality types are | realistic, investigative, artistic, enterprising , and conventional |
| realistic | (explicit tasks requiring physical work, e.g., mechanic), |
| investigative | (intellectual and prefers systematic, creative activities), Computer programmer and chemist are examples of the investigative career style. |
| artistic social (enjoys interacting with and helping others), enterprising (prefers leadership roles), and conventional (practical and ordered). Computer programmer andchemist are examples of the investigative career style. | (imaginative), |
| social | enjoys interacting with and helping others) |
| enterprising, | (prefers leadership roles), |
| conventional | (practical and ordered). |
| Aaron Beck's cognitive triad of depression | addresses the way in which individuals assess their world and the way in which this assessment shapes the client toward depressive thinking. |
| Beck's triad consists of | feelings of personal worthlessness, a negative worldview in which the client is a victim, and a future that is seen as hopeless. |
| constructivist theory | holds both a person's individual sense of reality and the meaning found in life to be constructed from life experience, rather than discovered. |
| Brief therapy and narrative therapy have in common | a basis in constructivist theory, which is the idea that, to some degree, reality is constructed socially. the practice implication is that by addressing this social construction or personal narrative, positive change can be enacted. |
| A T-group | (training group) is designed to help its members acquire specific skills and is often enacted in business or professional contexts. |
| counseling group | is designed to address issues of personal growth and development |
| group therapy | is a deeper and more clinical modality that addresses pathology. |
| psychoeducation group | teaches its members about a specific issue they are facing. |
| Harriet Lerner's The Dance of Intimacy | women need to seek to establish a healthy balance between investment in others and investment in oneself. Lerner stresses the point that relationships should be based on mutual respect and appreciation, and that women should be independent and assertive. |
| Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) | used to address specific problems in the moment rather than dwelling on past experiences or the history of the problem. |
| Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) techniques | miracle question (what would be different if a miracle occurred ), the exceptions questions (what things were like when the problem didn't exist), and scaling questions (rating changes in the client's affect, emotions, etc., from one to ten). |
| miracle question (what would be different if a miracle occurred ), | (what would be different if a miracle occurred in the clients life), |
| the exceptions questions | (what things were like when the problem didn't exist), |
| scaling questions | rating changes in the client's affect, emotions, etc., from one to ten). |
| Coefficient of non-determination is | s the unique variance. |
| The coefficient of determination is the degree of common variance, | is the degree of common variance, |
| to find the coefficient of nondetermination, | first find the coefficient of determination by squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%). Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of nondetermination (100% - 64% = 36%). |
| Bowlby thought that If a person does not develop some kind of healthy bond or attachment by age | 3, then they were unlikely to lead a normal social life. |
| Society generally expects men to be emotionally stoic, competitive/ physically active. Men less likely than women to seek out counseling, those in counseling are more likely to address their problems using cognitive rather than emotional processes. | In counseling, men are typically more goal-oriented than women, though they can work with counselors to develop affective skills and improved communication. |
| Proportional stratified sampling | Proportional stratified sampling is when the proportion of subjects randomly sampled from a certain group reflects the proportion of the group in the general population. |
| YAVIS | refers to desirable clients and stands for Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, and Successful. |
| QUOID | stands for Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent, and Dissimilar. |
| In general, people are poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances. | People tend to overestimate the impact of events on their overall emotional life. |
| Which of the following is a good working definition of case conceptualization? | is a clinical hypothesis based on the totality of assessment data available. not a formal diagnosis per se, but rather a clinical strategy meant to address the client in their current presentation- though diagnosis will likely be relevant and included |
| semantic differential scale | is one way researchers collect information about individuals' opinions and beliefs. |
| Likert scale (typically) | provides five possible answers to a statement or question that allows respondents to indicate their positive-to-negative strength of |
| dichotomous questions | only have yes or no answer |
| The maturation hypothesis suggests | that heredity guides behavior but only at the right time or under the appropriate stimuli. For example, a baby has all of the innate resources they need to master language but will only do so when this step is developmentally possible. |
| it seems that about 30% of the therapeutic gain is directly related to | the nature of the therapeutic relationship. |
| In solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), what is a formula first session task (FFST)? | A homework assignment assigned after the first session |
| SBFT | uses here-and-now techniques and active client involvement to achieve measurable gains in client success within a brief and limited timeframe. |
| (FFST) | formula first session task |
| Rational Emotive Imagery (REI) | It involves having the client imagine a threatening circumstance, and then approaching that circumstance with logical thought instead of an emotional response. |
| An appropriate time to use Rational Emotive Imagery | A client who is nervous in interpersonal interactions |
| True variance is measured | by finding the square of the correlation. In this question, the correlation between the two tests is .70. Since .70 x .70 = .49, the true variance between the two tests is 49%. |
| Goals of Jungian therapy include | getting to know oneself, integration of self, and transformation of self. Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion, both of which are measured on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. |
| Statistical analysis can be | descriptive or inferential. |
| descriptive | aim to describe the data that is collected and include means, percentages, and standard deviations. |
| inferential. | Analysis of variance used to measure the probability of an event occurring in the population. |
| Alfred Adler defined the complicated notion of neurosis as | a failure in learning that leads to distorted perceptions about the world. |
| Jean Piaget, who classified morality in children | as going through a heteronomous stage, in which rules are seen as absolute, followed by an autonomous stage in which rules are seen as having some flexibility. |
| Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect, | which states that when a reward follows a stimulus-response connection, the connection is strengthened. Therefore, the law of effect determines the probability of a behavior being repeated based on its consequences. |
| At about 23-34 years of age, Erikson suggested that we enter the stage of intimacy vs. isolation, | in which a person is learning the balance of dependence on others versus dependence on self. experimentation with marriage and family. |
| midlife crisis refers to a period in which a person realizes that their life is half over and begins to adjust to that knowledge by evaluating past events. According to consensus among theorists, it tends to take place | at about 35 to 45 years of age for men, and about five years earlier in women. |
| John Crites' model of career counseling is a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to make three diagnoses of the problem. | hese diagnoses include differential (what are the problems?), dynamic (why have the problems occurred?), and decisional (how are the problems being dealt with?). |
| Crites also believed that once the career problem has been diagnosed, the counselor should provide | client-centered counseling, psychodynamic techniques, and trait-factor and behavioral approaches. |
| Researchers must use nonparametric statistics when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. | it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. |
| Examples of nonparametric statistical measures are | the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxen signed-rank test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. |
| The Kruskal-Wallis test is used when | the researcher has more than two mean scores on a single variable, also known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance. |
| Strategic family therapy focuses on | the power and control expressed through family communication patterns, and techniques are frequently direct suggestions or assignments. |
| Some strategic family counselors will | prescribe a symptom or put clients in a therapeutic double bind as a way of forcing them to either give up the problematic behavior or acknowledge control over it. |
| classified in the DSM-5 under neurocognitive disorders are | Delirium, a state of confusion and changed mental ability,; Alzheimer's disease ,and Parkinson's disease. |
| Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory | uggests that when there is a difference between our beliefs and our behaviors, we will change our beliefs to match our behaviors. This is done to reduce overall tension in the mind and preserve homeostasis. |
| cognitive dissonance, | which suggests that human beings seek to avoid internal conflict between their attitudes and their behavior. |
| There are various types of conflict according to this theory; one is | approach-approach conflict, which is the choice between two positives. |
| Heteroscedasticity | refers to times when, for many different reasons, one end of a distribution of scores has more variability than the other end, resulting in a fan-like appearance. |
| Homoscedasticity, | on the other hand, refers to times when scores are equally distributed throughout the range. |
| purpose of a treatment plan | to help the client move to the least restrictive environmnet, to help the client function at a higher level, to help the client reslove probelms |
| Master's in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC) | Which of the following is seen as an alternative to CACREP? |
| A person's self-concept is defined as their perceptions and beliefs about their qualities, attributes, and traits. | In adolescence, in light of all the influences from culture, peers, family, and the environment, a stable self-concept is first realized. |
| At birth, virtually no self-concept exists, but by 24 months, self-recognition has set in, and differentiation from others is a cognitive exercise. | does not have a stable self-concept yet, but what they have is concrete and physical. |
| William Glasser's reality therapy is different from other treatment modalities and schools of therapy in various ways. One of them is the overall approach to the client. | In reality therapy, the idea seems to be to act as the client's friend, with as little pretense as possible to traditional therapeutic roles. |
| Personality disorders are difficult to treat in practice; | they are persistent, pervasive conditions that are seen as lifelong. |
| About how many people diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia are female? | 90% |
| About how many clients from ethnic minorities quit counseling after the first session? | 50% |
| A fixed ratio schedule reinforces | a certain response after a fixed number of responses. |
| A fixed interval schedule reinforces | the responses after a certain period of time, |
| a variable interval reinforces | after an average number of minutes, |
| variable ratio reinforces | fter an average number of responses. |
| Irvin Yalom originally suggested | that certain leadership functions—emotional stimulation, caring, meaning attribution, and executive leadership—are present in group counseling, no matter the style or theoretical orientation of the leader. |
| Meaning attribution refers to | the cognitive understanding that is made of the events in the group, which can enhance collective experiences and increase familiarity with emotions and feelings. |
| Contextualism as it applies to the treatment of mental illness and the specifics of treatment planning refers to | the idea that, rather than being a purely idiosyncratic phenomenon, mental illness is inflected by one's participation in culture. In short, behavior should be considered within the context of culture in order to be properly assessed. |
| game | is a mechanism one party uses in a transaction to prevent intimacy. |
| Murray Bowen is well-known for his comprehensive contributions to the field of systems family counseling. Bowen's approach is | transgenerational, meaning that he believes communication patterns and dynamics are passed down from one generation to the next. |
| triangles within family systems represent | the most basic building blocks of a family's emotional system. |
| In a triangle, | emotional discomfort that exists between two family members may be somewhat alleviated by bringing in a third family member to resolve the stress |
| Bowen also stresses the importance | self-differentiation, projection onto children in families, birth order and sibling position, and societal regression. |
| Group work is generally conceptualized to follow | a four-stage process. |
| In the first stage, | orientation, the group is formed and acquainted. |
| the second stage | transition, is when interpersonal dynamics are worked out and conflict is most likely to occur. |
| third stage | When this is resolved, the working phase can begin. |
| 4th stage | When the work is complete, it is appropriate to measure progress in the termination stage. |
| Reciprocal determinism | is a concept universally understood by family therapists and is the belief that every family member influences every other family member in a continuous process. |
| Circular causality is | the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. |
| Counselors who focus on circular causality during family sessions focus on | the process, not the content. |
| Linear causality refers to | the belief that one event or interaction directly causes another, so content and language help explain what is occurring within the family. |
| Choice theory | asserts that the most important driver of patient wellness is the patient's behavioral choices in the here and now. |
| Aptitude tests | measure the capacity of the test taker to learn and are often used as part of job applications. hese tests measure abstract, verbal, and numerical reasoning. Examples are the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test. |
| Achievement tests | measure educational knowledge, |
| Ecological validity refers to | the extent to which study results can be generalized to another setting and is an example of external, not internal, validity. |
| Meichenbaum | developed a three-stage stress inoculation technique that is meant to help one know and reduce one's own stress. |
| 3 stage stress inoculation | education, rehearsal, application |
| The first stage, of stress inoculation | education, helps the client understand how they respond to stress through inner dialogue. |
| The second stage of stress inoculation | rehearsal, is when new strategies of self-talk are used. |
| The third,stage of stress inoculation | application, is when the new self-talk is used in practice. |
| Circular causality | is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously |
| One of the ways in which issues of cultural sensitivity directly impact treatment settings is | how different values may cause conflict. |
| Learning theories | nclude behavioral theories, social learning theories, and information-processing theories. All of these concepts attempt to explain how humans grow and develop by observing and learning behaviors and responses from others. |
| Cognitive theories include | cognitive behavior therapy and other approaches that aim to change the individual's thoughts |
| Humanistic theories | are client-centered and emphasize an individual's potential for self-growth |
| Psychoanalytic theories, such as ideas developed by Freud, are | those that focus on the unconscious drives and feelings of individuals as the source of problematic behavior. |
| DSM-5. One of these changes is | he reliance on dimensional assessments rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. |
| Jean Piaget, who classified morality in children as going through a heteronomous stage | in which rules are seen as absolute |
| heteronomous stage, in which rules are seen as absolute, followed by | autonomous stage in which rules are seen as having some flexibility. |
| cognitive dissonance - we change beliefs to match behaviors. Why? | to reduce tension |
| privileged communication | this is usually considered to be a matter of state law. |
| Standardized scores are helpful when | comparing several different test scores for the same person, as direct comparisons between different tests are impossible. |
| Standardizing scores allows for | continuity and an equality of units. |
| The two most common standardized scores are | z-scores and T-scores, both of which are conversions of raw score distributions. |
| Standardized scores express | the person's distance from the mean, not the median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score distribution. |
| There are several threats to licensure for counselors. | Because state laws regarding licensure vary widely and are frequently modified, the scope of practice for counselors may become narrow. Additionally, some states' laws imply that counselors are not permitted to use psychological tests in practice. |
| Analysis of variance is | a type of inferential data which is used to measure the probability of an event occurring in the population. |
| semantic differential scale | is one way researchers collect information about individuals' opinions and beliefs. |
| Stanine (STAndard NINE) scales consist of | nine points and are used to convert test scores to single digits. Stanines are always positive and can range from zero to nine. The mean of a stanine scale is always five and the standard deviation is always two. |
| Frequently used techniques of SFBT include | the miracle question , the exceptions questions and scaling questions |
| the miracle question | (what would be different if a miracle occurred in the client's life) |
| the exceptions questions | (what things were like when the problem didn't exist), |
| scaling questions | (rating changes in the client's affect, emotions, etc., from one to ten). |
| Taking the four standard deviations around the mean (the two standard deviations in either direction added together) gives us | 95% of scores |
| 68% (34% and 34%) comprise | one standard deviation from the mean in either direction, and |
| Contextualism as it applies to the treatment of mental illness and the specifics of treatment planning refers to | the idea that, rather than being a purely idiosyncratic phenomenon, mental illness is inflected by one's participation in culture |
| Karpman's theory suggests | that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs. |
| One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | can be used to determine differences between three different forms of one variable, such as level of income. |
| Factorial ANOVA is used | to find whether significant differences between two variables exist. |
| Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is | the statistic used when there is more than one dependent variable involved in the analysis. |
| Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is used | to determine covariance when an independent variable and its impact on dependent variables is controlled. |
| Milan systemic family therapy refers to an approach that views the family as a system that aims to maintain balance. Systemic family therapists often use a variety of techniques, including circular questioning, | to an approach that views the family as a system that aims to maintain balance. Systemic family therapists often use a variety of techniques, includi |
Created by:
Ocurtis44