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hgap unit 4
vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| autonomous region | an area of a country that has degree of autonomy , or has freedom from an external authority. Ex: Kurd's control this type of region in northern Iraq |
| antecedent boundary | a political boundary that existed before present settlement occurred and the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings |
| apartheid | this was the legal segregation of races in South Africa from the 1940's-1990. the laws were passed by the whites-only government of the country and were designed to keep the other races in the country subservient |
| balkanization | process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (Yugoslavia - Once Brothers) |
| borderland | a region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees |
| buffer state | a politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of two powers |
| centripetal force | an attitude or factor that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| centrifugal force | an attitude or factor that tends to divide people and make people become opposed to something; encourages a country to fall apart/divide |
| choke points | strategic setting where narrow waterways or other narrow passages are vulnerable to military blockade disruption |
| colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. |
| consequent. boundary | a boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences (example Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) |
| defined boundary | boundary is established by a legal document such as a treaty that divides one entity from another (invisible line) |
| delimited boundary | boundary is drawn on a map to show the limits of a space |
| demarcated boundary | a boundary identified with physical objects on the landscape; could be simple sign or complex wall |
| demilitarized zone | A zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited (North & South Korea) |
| devolution | the movement of power from central government to lower levels of government, ex: In the UK - the parliament transferred powers to regional assemblies in Wales, Scotland, & Northern Island - all of which make up the UK with England |
| exclusive economic zone | as established in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles seaward from the coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it |
| enclave | a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or completely lying within the boundaries of another country Ex: Lesotho |
| ethnic cleansing | the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation |
| ethnic separatism | desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture |
| ethnonationalism | a form of nationalism in which the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity |
| exclave | a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory. Example: Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic is _________ of Azerbaijan. |
| european union | an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. |
| federal state | the formation of a political unity, with a central government, by a number of separate states, each of which retains control of its own internal affairs. |
| geopolitics | the study of the interplay between international political relations and the environmental context in which they occur |
| geometric boundary | a boundary is a straight line drawn by people that does not follow any physical feature closely; Example on large scale is boundary dividing Egypt & Libya, on a smaller scale boundary dividing two suburbs of a city |
| gerrymandering | process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
| heartland theory | a geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. |
| imperialism | a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. Ex: the European colonization of Asia and Africa |
| irredentism | one country tries to annex territory in another because it has ties to part of the population that lives there. Example: Efforts by the third Reich to expand Germany's borders so as to encompass all German speaking people in Europe |
| landlocked | completely surrounded by land with no direct access to the ocean |
| median line principle | an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places. |
| multinational state | a state which includes more than one nation. Ex: The Soviet Union because it was once divided into "soviet republics" based on nationality. |
| multistate nation | nation that stretches across borders and across states; Example - North and South Korea |
| nation | a group of people with a common culture heritage, have beliefs and values that unify them, claim a particular space based on traditions in their homeland |
| nation state | a state that has 1 main ethnic group or shared culture and history Example: Japan & Iceland |
| neocolonialism | economic dominance of a (weaker) developing country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, sometimes referred to as economic imperialism |
| relic boundary | a historic boundary that is no longer observed or is nonfunctional but still affects the area's cultural landscape. example - the Berlin Wall no longer exists but you can still see where the divide was in Berlin based on city and electricity patterns |
| rimland theory | Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest. |
| semi-autonomous region | an area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern |
| self determination | the ability of a group of people or ethnicity to determine their own fate or rule/govern themselves |
| shatter belts | a region under constant stress due to cultural or ethnic conflict; usually fragmented by their rival |
| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| stateless nation | a group with the same culture and shared history that is not represented by a state ex: The Kurds are one of the largest nationalities without a state and are located in the middle east. |
| supranational organization | a organization in which member states go beyond national boundaries or interests to share the decision making and vote on issues pertaining to a wider group. The European Union and the World Trade Organization are both examples. |
| subsequent boundary | a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural changes or differences - religion Example: Irish Catholic and Protestant Northern Ireland or Velvet divorce and separation of Czechoslovakia |
| superimposed boundary | a boundary line created by outsiders and ignores pre-existing cultural boundaries |
| terrorism | acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population |
| UNCLOS | a code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters; defines High Seas as water beyond EEZ is open to all states |
| unitary state | an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of government officials |
| united nations | an international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |
| USMCA (NAFTA) | A 2018 update to NAFTA, this proposed agreement will open up the possibilities of more American dairy exports and bringing back manufacturing jobs |
| city-state | a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside |
| cultural boundary | boundary based on human traits or behavior Ex. Pakistan and India |
| natural boundary | based on physical features to separate entities |
| open boundary | a boundary, but people are openly allowed to cross it without any obstacles, ex: Countries in the EU allow citizens of another country in the EU to immigrate freely |
| state | formal name for country - defined borders, sovereign government, internationally recognized, & permanent population |
| berlin conference | a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations met to lay out claims on Africa |
| cold war | period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the US & Soviet Union, 1945-1991 |
| decolonization | the action of changing from colonial territories to independent status |
Created by:
smbaha