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Chemistry
Definitions, Q.4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid (Bronsted Lowry) | Proton Donor |
| Strong Acid ( Bronsted Lowry) | Good proton donor |
| Weak Acid ( Bronsted Lowry) | Poor proton donor |
| Base (Bronsted Lowry) | Proton acceptor |
| Strong Base ( Bronsted Lowry) | Good proton acceptor |
| Weak Base (Bronsted Lowry) | Poor proton acceptor |
| Molarity | Number of moles per Litre |
| % w/v | g/ 100cm3 |
| % w/w | g/ 100g |
| % v/v | cm3/ 100cm3 |
| Standard Solution | Solution of precisely known concentration |
| Primary Standard Solution | A pure compound with a high molecular mass, from which solutions of a known concentration can be made. It must be 100% pure, stable and soluble. |
| Base (Arrhenius) | Substance that fully dissociate in water to produce OH- ions |
| Acid (Arrhenius) | A substance that dissociates in water to produce H+ ions |
| Strong Base (Arrhenius) | Fully dissociate in water |
| Example of Strong Base | Sodium hydroxide |
| Weak Base (Arrhenius) | Does not fully dissociate in water |
| Example of weak base | Calcium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide |
| Strong Acid (Arrhenius) | Fully dissociate in water |
| Example of strong acid | Ethanoic acid Acetic acid, Methanoic acid |
| Weak Acid ( Arrhenius) | Do not fully dissociate in water |
| Conjugate acid base pair | Acid and a base that differ by 1 proton |
| Neutralisation | Reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water |
| Mass Spectroscopy | 1.Vaporisation 2.Ionisation 3.Acceleration 4.Separation 5.Detection |
| Relative Atomic Mass | Average mass of the isotopes of an element taking their abundance to account relative to a carbon-12 atom. |
| Activation Energy | Minimum energy required for effective collisions |
| Avogadro's Law | At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases have the same number of particles. |
| Atomic orbital | Region around nucleus in which an electron is most likely to be found. |
| Electronegativity | Relative attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond. |
| Heterogenous Catalysis | Reactant and Catalyst in different phases |
| Principle of Mass Spec | Cations separated on basis of their relative masses while moving through a magnetic field. |
| Mercaptans | Sulfur compounds added to gas to cause an odour to detect leaks. |
| Atomic radius | Intermolecular distance between the nucleus of two atoms of the same element joined together by a single covalent bond. |
| Cathode rays | Beams of electrons |
| Bond energy | Energy to break / form bonds |
| Le Chatelier's Principle | Systems at equilibrium oppose applied stress. |
| Sigma bond | Head on overlap of orbitals |
| Pi bond | Sideways overlap of orbitals |
| Isotope | Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers |
| Charle's Law | At a constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. |
| Boyle's Law | At a constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. |
| Greenhouse effect | Blocking of radiation by gases in the atmosphere |
| Gay-Lussac's Observations | Simple whole number ratio of volumes at the same conditions of temperature and pressure. |
| Heisenburg's Uncertainty Principle | The location and the speed of an electron cannot be found simultaneously. |
| Alpha Particles | Helium nucleus |
| Intermolecular bonding | Forces between molecules |
| Intramolecular bonding | Forces within molecules |
| pH | -log10[H+] |
| Radioactivity | Spontaneous decay of an unstable atomic nucleus emitting one or more different types of radiation. |
| Ideal gas | Gas that obeys all gas laws under all temperatures and pressures |
| Chemical Equilibrium | Rate of forward reaction equals reverse reaction |
| Dynamic reaction (equilibrium) | Reaction doesn't stop |
| Beta Decay | Neutron changes into a proton and an electron is emitted |
| Radioisotope | Radioactive isotope |
| Covalent bond | Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons |
| First Ionisation Energy | Minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the outermost shell |
| Energy Level | Fixed energy of electrons |
| Atomic orbital | Region around nucleus in which an electron is most likelly to be found |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons |
| Redox reaction | Both oxidation and reduction occur at the same time |
| Oxidising reagent | Causes oxidation and, therefore, is reduced |
| Reducing reagent | Causes reduction and, therefore, is oxidised |
| Example of Oxidising reagent | Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) found in bleach |
| Example of Reducing reagent | Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide |
| Electrolysis | Reactions caused by the passage of an electrical current through a liquid known as the electrolyte. |
| Electrolyte | Usually ionic liquid in which electrolysis takes place |
| Anode | Positive electrode. Attracts anions |
| Cathode | Negative electrode. Attracts cations |
| Inert Electrode | Electrode that does not react with electrolyte |
| Active Electrode | Electrode that reacts with electrolyte |
| Example of inert electrode | Graphite |
| Example of Active Electrode | Copper |
| OIL RIG | Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain |
| CAT NAP | CAThode = negative, Anode = Positive |
| RED CAT, AN OX | Reduction = CAThode, Oxidation = ANode |
Created by:
Jammy Dodger
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