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Science section 1
for pent science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scientific Revolution | A revolution of scientific phenomena that occured during the 16th and 17th centuries |
| empiricism | where scientists believe in experiments and conclusions generated by experiments rather than the supernatural |
| alchemy | a field of 'science' where natural phenomena are described as supernatural |
| element | a substance that cannot be broken down |
| atom | the smallest unit of matter |
| ion | an atom that has a discrepancy between protons and electrons and has a positive or negative charge |
| atomic mass | the mass of an atom |
| law of partial pressures | Ptotal= P1+P2+P3+ .... |
| reactant | the substances that react with each other in a chemical reaction |
| product | the result(s) of a chemical reaction |
| law of multiple proportions | If there are two elements that can combine |
| nucleus | the center of an atom |
| electron | a subatomic particle in an atom that orbits the nucleus and has a negative charge |
| proton | a subatomic particle in the nucleus that has a positive charge |
| neutron | a subatomic particle in the nucleus that has a negative charge |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| mass number | neutrons + protons |
| isotope | same atom with different mass number |
| nuclide | arrangement of particles within a nucleus |
| radioactive atoms | atoms that are unstable and decay |
| atomic mass unit | unit to measure atoms and atomic masses |
| photon | a subatomic light particle (light energy) |
| absorption spectrum/emission spectrum | result of examining the photons emitted by an electron when after exciting it |
| Bohr model of an atom | where electrons are stationary around a nucleus of protons and neutrons |
| quantum mechanical model | where electrons are exhibited by their wave properties and doesn't attempt to describe the path of the electron |
| photoelectric effect | where a photon transfers energy to an electron which is then emitted from a metal surface |
| periodic table | a table of the elements that attempts to group all the elements according to their properties |
| period | a horizontal row on the periodic table |
| electron cloud | the area where electrons can be found outside the nucleus |
| group | a vertical row on the periodic table |
| atomic radius | a measure of atomic size (increases from top to bottom in groups) |
| ionization energy | energy required to move a valence electron from the orbit of the nucleus (increases from left to right across periods and decreases from top to bottom in groups) |
| electron affinity | attraction between nucleus and electrons (increases from left to right across periods and decreases from top to bottom in groups) |
| electronegativity | measure of atom's attraction of electrons from an adjacent atom to which that atom is chemically bonded to |
| ionic bond | where an atom pulls one of the electrons away from the other atom because it has a much greater electronegativity and the atoms are subsequently turned into ions attracted to each other |
| dipole moment | separation of two electrical charges |
| compound | two or more atoms bound together by chemical bonds |
| chemical bond | specific arrangement of forces between two atoms |
| covalent bond | where two or more atoms share a pair of electrons in their electron clouds |
| molecule | where a compound is held together in a constant ratio (usually through covalent bonds) |
| chemical formula | the ratio of the multiple different atoms in a compound |
| intermolecular forces | forces occurring between molecules |
| electrostatic force | force of attraction between positive and negative charges |
| intramolecular forces | forces occurring between atoms in a molecule |
| metallic bond | where electrons can travel freely throughout the compound |
| alloy | a mixture of two metal |
| brass | an alloy made of copper and zinc |
| van der Waals forces | force of attraction between molecules |
| hydrogen bond | a strong intermolecular force between hydrogen atoms and strongly electronegative atoms |
| covalent network | where atoms exist covalently bonded and connect to create a large atomic lattice |
| translational motion | molecules moving over long distances |
| vibrational motion | vibration of molecules |
| rotational motion | molecules rotating on the plane |
| dispersion forces | when there are no permanent dipoles in a molecule and the intermolecular forces are really weak |
| valence electron | an electron on the outermost orbital of an atom |
| lewis structure | a way of drawing electrons and bonds in compounds |
| hybridization | combination two different types of orbitals |
| oxidization state | number that can be assigned to an atom to explain the difference in electrons in forming bonds |
| Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model | electron pair bond represented but in 3d |
| molecular orbital theory | that sigma and pi bond formations can occur and orbitals can bond together more than two elements with only a pair of electrons |
| alpha decay | when a radioactive atom loses a helium nucleus |
| beta decay | either when a proton in a radioactive atom turns into a neutron and or a neutron to a proton |
| beta particle | a subatomic particle (positron |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| mass spectrometer | an instrument used to find the mass of atoms and their isotopes |
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