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Honors IPES Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Liters | The unit for volume. |
| Meters | The unit for length. |
| Grams | The unit for mass. |
| Celsius | The unit for temperature. |
| Density | How condensed matter in an object is. Unit: G/cm cubed or g/mL. (Cannot be measured by using one tool because it is calculated by two measurements) |
| Mass | The amount of matter in an object |
| Quad Beam Balance | Used to measure mass. |
| Graduated Cylinder | Used to measure volume |
| Beaker | Used to estimate volume |
| Thermometer | Is used to measure temperature |
| Meter stick | Is used to measure length. |
| Volume | The measurement of how much space an object occupies. Units: Liters Measurement Tool: Graduated Cylinder or Beaker |
| Area | The amount of space a surface covers. |
| Bar Graph | Compares different variables collected by counting |
| Pie Chart | Shows percent of a whole within a test group. |
| Line Graph | Shows the relationship (continuous change) between the change in variables. |
| Scatter Plot | Individual data points are plotted showing a pattern. The pattern suggests a relationship between variables. Has a line of best fit: A line that goes through the average of the data and shows a trend. |
| X-axis | Independent variable |
| Y-axis | Dependent variable |
| How to calculate area | Length x Width (Units Squared) |
| How to calculate volume | Length x Width x Height (Units Cubed) |
| Density | Mass/Volume |
| Space | A continuous area that is free of anything. |
| Matter | Anything made of atoms that has mass and volume. |
| Energy | The ability to do work or make things move. |
| Universe | All space, matter, energy, and time that exists, a.k.a. EVERYTHING. |
| Observable Universe | The amount of universe that we can see, but there’s more out there than we can see. |
| Galaxy Cluster | A group of galaxies that are held close together by gravity. |
| What are the two largest galaxies in our galaxy cluster? | Andromeda and the Milky Way. |
| Galaxy | A large group of stars, gas, and dust that are held together by gravity. |
| What galaxy are we in? | The Milky Way. |
| Star Cluster | A group between a dozen to a million stars that are all formed from the same nebula (gas cloud). They are near each other and roughly the same age. |
| Star | A glowing ball of gas held together by its own gravity, powered by nuclear fusion. |
| Binary Star System | Two stars orbit around a common center of mass. |
| Star (Solar) System | A star and its planets, moons, asteroids, and comets, or a star and its other star partner(s) |
| Planet | A large body in space that orbits a star and does not produce light of its own. |
| Moon | A natural satellite that orbits a planet. |
| Asteroid | Rock and metals (smaller than a comet) |
| Comet | Ice, gas, dust, and rock, along with a tail (larger than an asteroid) |
| The Cosmic Web | Interconnecting filaments of clustered galaxies and gases stretched out in the universe by giant voids. |
| The Big Bang Theory | The foremost accepted theory to explain the movement and formation of the universe as we see it today. |
| What does the Big Bang Theory explain? | All the matter in the universe started in a small compacted space (singularity) and then rapidly expanded to form everything in the universe as we know it. |
| What star system are we in? | The solar system |
| Singularity | A hot ball that was the start of the universe and contained everything in it. |
| Lightyear | The distance that light can travel in one year. -1 light year=6 trillion miles=10 trillion km=64.424 AU |
| Parsec | The distance a star must be for its movement across the sky to equal an arc second. -1 parsec=3.3 light years=206,000 AU |
| Astronomical Unit | The distance between the Earth and the Sun is 1 AU. -1 AU=93 million miles=149.6 million km |
| Expansion of the Universe | The universe has been expanding outwards since the beginning of time and will continue to do so. |
| Hubble's Law | Star spectras that are closer to the red end of the visible light spectrum are red-shifted, so they are moving farther away from us at a faster rate, and vice-versa. |
| Scale of Universe from smallest to largest. | Atom, Asteroid, Comet, Moon, Planet, Star, Astronomical Unit, Lightyear, Star System, Parsec, Star Cluster, Galaxy, Galaxy Cluster, Observable Universe, Universe. |
| Waves | A repeating movement that transfers energy through matter or space. |
| Wavelength | The distance between one part of a wave and the other just like it (trough to trough, crest to crest, resting point to resting point) |
| Amplitude | Distance from the crest or trough to resting point. |
| Frequency | The number of waves that pass a certain point every second (waves per second) |
| Crest | The highest point of a wave |
| Trough | The lowest point of a wave |
| Resting Position | The middle point of a wave |
| Velocity of a Wave | Depends on the medium (material) it travels through |
| Standing Wave | If the incoming wave and a reflected wave have just the right frequency they produce a combined wave that appears to be standing still. |
| Speed of Light | 300,000 km/s or 300,000,000 m/s |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | Energy that consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that move through space at the speed of light. -These waves are around us all the time. |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | The complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency. |
| What is the energy level, wavelength, and frequency of radio waves? | Low energy, long wavelength, and low frequency. |
| What is the energy level, wavelength, and frequency of gamma rays? | High energy, short wavelength, and high frequency. |
| What are the everyday uses of radio waves? | Used to transmit radio and television signals. |
| What are the everyday uses of microwaves? | Used to warm up your food. |
| What are the everyday uses of infrared rays? | Makes your morning toast. |
| What is visible light? | Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet, (ROYGBIV). |
| What are the everyday uses of UV rays? | Helps your skin to absorb vitamin D, but too much can cause cancer or sunburn. |
| What are the everyday uses of x-rays? | Helps doctors treat diseases by giving them an inside look on the human body, but too much exposure can be harmful. |
| What are the everyday uses of gamma rays? | Used to diagnose and treat cancer. Highest energy, shortest wavelength, and highest frequency. |
| What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum? | Radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, uv rays, x-rays, gamma rays. |
| What are the two types of telescopes? | Refracting and reflecting. |
| What is a refracting telescope? | Uses convex lenses to focus light. |
| What is a reflecting telescope? | Curved mirror in place of an objective lens. |
| What is the importance of looking at the Universe through all types of light? | Our eyes can only see visible light, so we miss crucial information about the Universe like what objects are within it because we miss all other types of electromagnetic radiation. That’s why telescopes are so important. |
| Doppler Effect | The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves in relation to an observer. |
| How does an object moving towards you affect the frequency of a wave? | When an object moves toward you, the frequency of a wave increases. |
| How does an object moving away from you affect the frequency of a wave? | When the object moves away from you, the frequency of a wave decreases. |
| What does red-shifted mean? | When an object in space is moving away from us. |
| What does blue-shifted mean? | When an object in space is moving towards us. |
| Cosmic Background Radiation | The glow that comes from thermal energy left over from the Big Bang. |
| How does Cosmic Background Radiation prove the Big Bang? | Cosmic background radiation proves the big bang because there is energy that lives in spaces where there is absolutely nothing, and that proves that the big bang occurred because of all the leftover energy from it. |
| How do red-shift and blue-shift support the Big Bang Theory? | Red-shift and blue shift support the Big Bang Theory because the farthest galaxies from us are red-shifted, which shows that they are slowly moving away from us, proving that they were once close to us and all of the universe started in a hot ball. |
| What is 50000000 meters in scientific notation? | 5x10^7 |
| A wave traveling in water has a frequency of 500 Hz and a wavelength of 3 m. What is its velocity? | 1500 m/s. |
| The lowest-pitch sound a human can hear has a frequency of 20 Hz. What is the wavelength if its speed is 340 m/s? | 17 m. |
| An FM station broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 100,000,000 Hz. What is the wavelength if their velocity is 300,000,000 m/s? | 3 m |
| What is the wavelength of a wave with a frequency of 400 Hz traveling at 16 m/s? | 0.04 m |
| Two waves are traveling in the same medium with a speed of 340 m/s. What is the difference in frequency when one wave has a wavelength of 5 m and the other 0.2 m? | 1632 Hz |
| Nebula | Huge cloud of gas and dust that begins to shrink under the pull of its own gravity creating a star. |
| Planetary Nebula | When fusion in a star slows and cannot overcome the force of gravity the outer layers puff into the surrounding space. |
| Protostar | A contracting mass of gas and dust which represents the early stages of star formation. |
| Average Star | When gravity and fusion are balanced it creates a star like our Sun. |
| Red Giant | When hydrogen in an average star is all used up the star swells, cools, and fuses helium into carbon. |
| White Dwarf | The leftover core of a red giant that is small, dense, and made mostly of carbon. |
| Massive Star | Formed from a nebula due to gravity, has a lot of mass, shines bright and hot. |
| Red Supergiant | When a massive star runs out of hydrogen, the star swells, cools, and begins to fuse larger elements up to iron. |
| Supernova | When the fusion in a red supergiant is overcome by the massive gravity of the star, the layers collapse and cause a massive explosion that makes the elements heavier than iron. |
| Neutron Star | After a supernova, the leftover core from a star collapses due to gravity so densely that protons and electrons combine to form neutrons. They are small and have faint light, they cannot be seen with visible light. |
| Black Hole | After a supernova, a super massive star collapses and gravity’s pull is so strong that not even light can escape its event horizon. It is 4 times the size of the sun. |
| First possibility of the life cycle of a star | Nebula, Average Star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, and White Dwarf |
| Second possibility of the life cycle of a star. | Nebula, Massive Star, Red Supergiant, Supernova, and Black Hole. |
| Third possibility of the life cycle of a star. | Nebula, Massive Star, Red Supergiant, Supernova, and Neutron Star. |
| Nuclear Fusion | When smaller nuclei combine into larger nuclei in stars, creating heavier elements. |
| Hydrogen | One proton and one electron in an atom, the simplest element and most abundant in the universe. It also is the start of nuclear fusion. |
| Helium | Element created when fusion hydrogen occurs in main sequence stars. |
| Carbon | Element created when fusion of helium occurs in red giant stars. |
| Layers of a Star in Order | Core, Radiation Zone, Convection Zone, Photosphere, Chromosphere, and Corona. |
| What happens in the core? | Nuclear fusion takes place here. It is also the hottest part of the Sun, with a temp of 28,080,000 ℉ |
| What happens in the radiation zone? | Where photon particles carry energy in all directions through radiation. |
| What happens in the convection zone? | A zone of bubbling, boiling plasma that transfers energy outward through convection, (heat being transferred by the movement of the plasma). |
| What happens in the photosphere? | The inner layer of the Sun’s atmosphere that makes light and is where sunspots appear. |
| What happens in the chromosphere? | Where temperature begins to rise again. It is a thin reddish layer and it is only seen during eclipses with special equipment. |
| What happens in the corona? | Extremely hot, at a temp of 1,800,000 ℉+. It extends far into space and is shaped by the Sun’s magnetic field. Only visible during eclipses with equipment. |
| What does Kepler's first law state? | Planets and other objects orbit in ellipses. |
| What does Kepler's second law state? | Planets cover equal areas over equal time. |
| What does Kepler's third law state? | Speed of the planet decreases as distance from the focus increases. |
| Focus (foci): | One of two points in an ellipse that an object will orbit. The sun’s center of mass is at the focus of all objects in the solar system (focus 1), and focus 2 is always empty space. |
| Major axis | The line that travels through the two foci and the edge of the ellipse at its widest point. |
| Minor axis | The shortest axis of an ellipse perpendicular to the major axis. |
| Perihelion | The point along the orbit where the planet is closest to the sun. |
| Aphelion | The point along the orbit where the planet is farthest from the sun. |
| Orbital Path | The path an orbiting object follows as determined by the distance between foci and distance from the foci. |
| Orbital Period | The amount of time that it takes a planet to complete one full orbit. |
| Orbital Path of a Comet | They go around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit. |
| What is the closest galaxy to us? | Andromeda |
| Prominence | Reddish loops of gas that link parts of sunspot regions |
| Sunspot | Areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases around them. |
| Solar Flare | Explosions that occur when the loops in sunspot regions suddenly connect. |
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gd8445
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