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Geology ch 6-9
Question | Answer |
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A clastic sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains that include quartz and feldspar. | arkose |
A distinct layer of sedimentary strata. | bed |
Sedimentary rock formed from material (such as shells) produced by living organisms. | biochemical sedimentary rock |
Coarse sedimentary rock consisting of angular fragments; or rock broken into angular fragments by faulting. | breccia |
The phase of lithification in which cement, consisting of minerals that precipitate from groundwater, partially or completely fills the spaces between clasts and attaches each grain to its neighbor. | cementation |
Sedimentary rock made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solution. | chemical sedimentary rock |
Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented-together detritus derived from the weathering of preexisting rock. | clatic sedimenary rock |
A fragment of detritus (e.g., a sand grain or a pebble). | clasts |
Very coarse-grained sedimentary rock consisting of rounded clasts. | conglomerate |
A lamination inclined to the main bedding; it represents the slip face of a layer deposited in a current. | cross bed |
The process by which sediment settles out of a transporting medium. | deposition |
Changes that happen to sediment or sedimentary rock during and subsequent to lithification but at temperatures less than that of the lowest grade metamorphism. | diagenesis |
A type of carbonate sedimentary rock that contains significant quantities of dolomite. | dolostone |
The grinding away and removal of EarthԳ surface materials by moving water, air, or ice. | erosion |
A depression, created as a consequence of subsidence, that fills with sediment. | sedimentary basin |
A layer of clastic sediment or sedimentary rock in which clast size progressively decreases from the base to the top of the bed; graded beds form by deposition from a turbidity current. | graded bed |
Sedimentary rock composed of calcite. | limestone |
The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation. | lithification |
Very fine-grained sedimentary rock that will not easily split into sheets. | mudstone |
Sedimentary rock (such as coal) formed from carbon-rich relicts of organisms. | organic sedimentary rock |
The seaward migration of a shoreline caused by a lowering of sea level. | regression |
Wave-like ridges and troughs on the surface of a sedimentary layer formed during deposition in a current. | ripple marks |
Coarse-grained sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of quartz. | sandstone |
Rock that forms either by the cementing together of fragments broken off preexisting rock or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the EarthԳ surface. | sedimentary rock |
A characteristic of sedimentary deposits that pertains to the character of bedding and/or the surface features of a bed. | sedimentary structure |
Very fine-grained sedimentary rock that breaks into thin sheets. | shale |
Fine-grained sedimentary rock generally composed of very small quartz grains. | siltstone |
(1) The range of clast sizes in a collection of sediment; (2) the degree to which sediment has been separated by flowing currents into different-size fractions. | sorting |
A succession of sedimentary beds | strata |
A recognizable layer of a specific sedimentary rock type or set of rock types, deposited during a certain time interval, that can be traced over a broad region. | stratgraphic formation |
The vertical sinking of the EarthԳ surface in a region, relative to a reference plane. | subsidence |
The inland migration of shoreline resulting from a rise in sea level. | transgression |
A carbonate rock formed by precipitation of carbonate minerals from water at springs or on the surface of caves. | travertine |
A submarine avalanche of sediment and water that speeds down a submarine slope. | turbidity current |
Metamorphism due to the increase in temperature and pressure in a rock when it has been buried to a depth of several kilometers. | burial metamorphism |
Metamorphism caused by heat conducted into country rock from an igneous intrusion. | contact metamorphism |
Metamorphism that occurs as a consequence of shearing alone, with no change in temperature or pressure. | dynamic metamorphism |
Metamorphism that involves heat, pressure, and shearing. | dynamothermal metamorphism |
The process (involving uplift and erosion) that returns deeply buried rocks to the surface. | exhumation |
Layering formed as a consequence of the alignment of mineral grains, or of compositional banding in a metamorphic rock. | foliation |
A compositionally banded metamorphic rock typically composed of alternating dark- and light-colored layers. | gneiss |
Rock that undergoes metamorphism simply because of a change in temperature, without being subjected to differential stress. | hornfels |
The change that occurs in a rock due to interaction with high-temperature water solutions. | hydrothermal metamorphism |
A metamorphic rock composed of calcite and transformed from a protolith of limestone. | marble |
Conglomerate that has undergone metamorphism, but in which clasts are still recognizable; typically the clasts are stretched or flattened. | metaconglomerate |
The region around a pluton, stretching tens to hundreds of meters out, in which heat transferred into the country rock and metamorphosed the country rock. | metamorphic aureole |
A set of metamorphic mineral assemblages indicative of metamorphism under a specific range of pressures and temperatures. | metamorphic facies |
A fabric defined by parallel surfaces or layers that develop in a rock as a result of metamorphism; schistocity and gneissic layering are examples. | metamorphic foliation |
An informal designation of the degree to which a rock has undergone metamorphism; high-grade rocks have endured higher temperatures than low-grade rocks. | metamorphic grade |
A mineral formed by solid-state transitions under metamorphic conditions. | metamorphic mineral |
Rock that forms when preexisting rock changes into new rock as a result of an increase in pressure and temperature and/or shearing under elevated temperatures; metamorphism occurs without the rock first becoming a melt or a sediment. | metamorphic rock |
The arrangement of grains (e.g., preferred orientation) formed as a result of metamorphism. | metamorphic texture |
The region between two metamorphic isograds, typically named after an index mineral found within the region. | metamorphic zone |
The process by which one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rock. | metamorphism |
The process by which a rockԳ overall chemical composition changes during metamorphism because of reactions with hot water that bring in or remove elements. | metasomatism |
migmatite | |
mylonite | |
A fine-grained metamorphic rock with a foliation caused by the preferred orientation of very fine-grained mica. | phyllite |
The metamorphic texture that exists where platy grains lie parallel to one another and/or elongate grains align in the same direction. | preferred mineral orientation |
The original rock from which a metamorphic rock formed. | protolith |
A metamorphic rock composed of quartz and transformed from a protolith of quartz sandstone. | quartzite |
Metamorphism of a broad region, usually the result of deep burial during an orogeny. | regional metamorphism |
A medium- to coarse-grained metamorphic rock that possesses schistosity. | schist |
An older, interior region of a continent. | shield |
Solid-state changes in rock that result from the extreme pressure accompanying a meteorite impact. | shock metamorphism |
Fine-grained, low-grade metamorphic rock, formed by the metamorphism of shale. | slate |
Metamorphism caused by heat conducted into country rock from an igneous intrusion. | thermal metamorphism |
The series of smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake. | aftershocks |
Seismic waves that pass through the interior of the Earth. | body waves |
Waves in which particles of material move back and forth parallel to the direction in which the wave itself moves. | compressional waves |
The amount of movement or slip across a fault plane. | displacement |
A vibration caused by the sudden breaking or frictional sliding of rock in the Earth. | earthquake |
The concept that earthquakes occur when rock elastically bends until it fractures; the fracturing generates earthquake energy and decreases the elastic energy stored in the rock. | elastic-rebound theory |
The point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake. | epicenter |
A fracture on which one body of rock slides past another. | fault |
A small step on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. | fault scarp |
The series of smaller earthquakes that precede a major earthquake. | foreshocks |
The point below the EarthԳ surface where the energy is produced during an earthquake. | hypocenter |
Earthquake that occurs away from plate boundaries. | intraplate earthquake |
The transformation of seemingly solid sediment into a liquid-like slurry, in response to ground shaking. | liquefaction |
Any numerical representation of the size of an earthquake as determined by measuring the amplitude of ground motion. | magnitude |
An earthquake characterization scale based on the amount of damage that the earthquake causes. | Mercalli intensity scale |
A numerical representation of the size of an earthquake that takes into account the area of the fault that slipped, the amount of slip, and the strength of the rock that broke. | moment-magnitude scale |
The average time between successive geologic events. | recurrence interval |
A scale that defines earthquakes on the basis of the amplitude of the largest ground motion recorded on a seismogram. | Richter scale |
The relatively narrow strips of crust on Earth under which most earthquakes occur. | seismic belt |
Earthquake activity. | seismicity |
Waves of energy emitted at the focus of an earthquake. | seismic waves |
An instrument that can record the ground motion from an earthquake. | seismograph |
Seismic waves in which particles of material move back and forth perpendicular to the direction in which the wave itself moves. | shear waves |
Stop-start movement along a fault plane caused by friction, which prevents movement until stress builds up sufficiently. | stick-slip behavior |
stress | |
Seismic waves that travel along the EarthԳ surface. | surface waves |
A large wave along the sea surface triggered by an earthquake or large submarine slump. | tsunami |
A sloping band of seismicity defined by intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes that occur in the down-going slab of a convergent plate boundary. | Wadati-Benioff zone |
A fold with an arch-like shape in which the limbs dip away from the hinge. | anticline |
In the context of folds, this is the imaginary plane that contains the hinge lines of successive layers in the fold; it is the surface that divides a fold into its two separate limbs. | axial surface |
A fold or depression shaped like a right-side-up bowl. | basin |
The cracking and fracturing of a material subjected to stress. | brittle deformation |
A push or squeezing felt by a body. | compression |
A long-lived block of durable continental crust commonly found in the stable interior of a continent. | craton |
A change in the shape, position, or orientation of a material, by bending, breaking, or flowing. | deformation |
The angle at which a layer tilts, relative to horizontal; the angle is measured in an imaginary vertical plane that trends perpendicular to the strike. | dip |
The amount of movement or slip across a fault plane. | displacement |
Folded or arched layers with the shape of an overturned bowl. | dome |
The bending and flowing of a material (without cracking and breaking) subjected to stress. | ductile deformation |
A fracture on which one body of rock slides past another. | fault |
A small step on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. | fault scarp |
A bend or wrinkle of rock layers or foliation; folds form as a consequence of ductile deformation. | fold |
Layering formed as a consequence of the alignment of mineral grains, or of compositional banding in a metamorphic rock. | foliation |
A satellite system people can use to measure rates of movement of the EarthԳ crust relative to one another, or simply to locate their position on the EarthԳ surface. | global positioning system |
The portion of a fold where curvature is greatest. | hinge |
The condition that exists when the buoyancy force pushing lithosphere up equals the gravitational force pulling lithosphere down. | isostasy |
Naturally formed cracks in rocks | joints |
The side of a fold, showing less curvature than at the hinge. | limb |
A fold in the land surface whose shape resembles that of a carpet draped over a stair step. | monocline |
A fault in which the hanging-wall block moves down the slope of the fault. | normal fault |
The process in which mountains begin to collapse under their own weight and spread out laterally. | orogenic collapse |
A linear range of mountains. | orogen |
Force per unit area, or the ѰushѠacting on a material in cases where the push is the same in all directions. | pressure |
A steeply dipping fault on which the hanging-wall block slides up. | reverse fault |
A stress that moves one part of a material sideways past another part. | shear stress |
shield | |
strain | |
The push, pull, or shear that a material feels when subjected to a force; formally, the force applied per unit area over which the force acts. | stress |
The compass trend of an imaginary horizontal line on a plane. | strike |
A fault in which one block slides horizontally past another (and therefore parallel to the strike line), so there is no relative vertical motion. | strike-slip fault |
A trough-shaped fold whose limbs dip toward the hinge. | syncline |
A stress that pulls on a material and could lead to stretching. | tension |
A gently dipping reverse fault; the hanging-wall block moves up the slope of the fault. | thrust fault |
The upward vertical movement of the ground surface, as occurs during mountain building. | uplift |
A seam of minerals that forms when dissolved ions carried by water solutions precipitate in cracks. | vein |